高速铁路交叉隧道动力学问题研究综述

文章针对高速铁路交叉隧道的分类和组合型式进行划分,分别阐述了其存在的关键动力学问题,并通过广泛的相关文献调研,总结了高速铁路交叉隧道在列车振动、空气动力效应以及地震震动等方面的研究现状与不足;指出了今后的研究重点:(1)考虑隧道结构、地层参数以及邻近交叉隧道的结构特征,建立高速列车-轨道-交叉隧道为一体的三维精细化分析模型,并用其开展定量安全评价;(2)开展车隧气动结构效应研究,提出保障隧道结构安全的工程措施,进而建立考虑列车气动荷载与其他动力荷载叠加作用下交叉隧道的安全性评估方法;(3)进行全方位的高速铁路交叉隧道地震动力响应研究,揭示交叉隧道结构本身的动力特性,提出相适应的抗震设计方法;(4)引入混凝土和岩石动力损伤本构关系,建立能考虑材料动态损伤的计算模型,以对结构在长期反复动力作用下的动力响应特性及其累积损伤效应开展深入研究。     

“工厂法”沉管隧道早期性能的足尺试验研究

由于沉管隧道管段体积大、结构形式复杂、施工工艺复杂,容易因温度、收缩以及约束等原因,造成管段结构在预制阶段出现危害性裂缝,进而影响结构的服役性能和耐久性能。文章依托在建港珠澳大桥沉管隧道工程实例,开展了足尺试验,对"工厂法"沉管管节关键部位的温度和应变发展实施了监测,分析对比了温度发展规律和应变发展规律。分析结果表明:在早期因混凝土水化热引起温度上升,整个管段结构膨胀受拉,温度到达峰值后逐渐下降,结构也收缩恢复;但由于混凝土自收缩等因素的存在,结构最终收缩受压。研究所提供的试验结果可作为深入进行数值分析的一个基础。     

基于子空间的ASM电涡流控制系统辨识

通过采用子空间辨识方法对ASM电涡流控制系统进行辨识。建立了适用于ASM测试的电涡流加载控制器的系统辨识方法,并获得了相应的数学模型,进行了辨识试验设计,并通过时域验证辨识模型精度。辨识试验结果表明,试验获得的数学模型,其仿真输出与加载减速运行试验数据基本一致。     

车用柴油机NO_x形成及控制

相对汽油发动机污染物排放,柴油发动机CO和CH的排放较低,不到汽油机的10%,但NOX排放水平却高于汽油发动机。本文重点讨论柴油发动机排气污染物中NOx的成分及危害,分析了NO的生成机理及影响因素,提出了控制柴油机NO排放的技术和方法。     

Ridership drivers of bus rapid transit systems

We have collected information on 46 bus rapid transit (BRT) systems throughout the world to investigate the potential patronage drivers. From a large number of candidate explanatory variables (quantitative and qualitative), 11 sources of systematic variation are identified which have a statistically significant impact on daily passenger-trip numbers. These sources are fare, headway, the length of the BRT network, the number of corridors, average distance between stations; whether there is: an integrated network of routes and corridors, modal integration at BRT stations, pre-board fare collection and fare verification, quality control oversight from an independent agency, at-level boarding and alighting, as well as the location of BRT. The findings of this paper offer important insights into features of BRT systems that are positive contributors to growing patronage and hence should be taken into account in designing and planning BRT systems.     

Recursive estimation of average vehicle time headway using single inductive loop detector data

Vehicle time headway is an important traffic parameter. It affects roadway safety, capacity, and level of service. Single inductive loop detectors are widely deployed in road networks, supplying a wealth of information on the current status of traffic flow. In this paper, we perform Bayesian analysis to online estimate average vehicle time headway using the data collected from a single inductive loop detector. We consider three different scenarios, i.e. light, congested, and disturbed traffic conditions, and have developed a set of unified recursive estimation equations that can be applied to all three scenarios. The computational overhead of updating the estimate is kept to a minimum. The developed recursive method provides an efficient way for the online monitoring of roadway safety and level of service. The method is illustrated using a simulation study and real traffic data.     

Vulnerability analysis for large-scale and congested road networks with demand uncertainty

To assess the vulnerability of congested road networks, the commonly used full network scan approach is to evaluate all possible scenarios of link closure using a form of traffic assignment. This approach can be computationally burdensome and may not be viable for identifying the most critical links in large-scale networks. In this study, an “impact area” vulnerability analysis approach is proposed to evaluate the consequences of a link closure within its impact area instead of the whole network. The proposed approach can significantly reduce the search space for determining the most critical links in large-scale networks. In addition, a new vulnerability index is introduced to examine properly the consequences of a link closure. The effects of demand uncertainty and heterogeneous travellers’ risk-taking behaviour are explicitly considered. Numerical results for two different road networks show that in practice the proposed approach is more efficient than traditional full scan approach for identifying the same set of critical links. Numerical results also demonstrate that both stochastic demand and travellers’ risk-taking behaviour have significant impacts on network vulnerability analysis, especially under high network congestion and large demand variations. Ignoring their impacts can underestimate the consequences of link closures and misidentify the most critical links.     

气田集输管道钢材的选择

针对某气田的气质条件,对气田集输管道材料选择进行了专题研究。分析CO2和Cl-的腐蚀机理,选取了碳钢、不锈钢及双相不锈钢材料进行了气体集输管道腐蚀环境耐蚀模拟试验。实验结果表明：碳钢平均腐蚀速率最快,双相不锈钢腐蚀速率最慢。选取了4种不锈钢进行耐点蚀性能试验与评价。结果显示：马氏体不锈钢2Cr13抗点腐蚀能力最差,25Cr双相不锈钢因其抗点蚀、坑蚀能力强,适宜于某气质腐蚀环境。最后,分别从防腐效果和经济角度论证了采用25Cr双相不锈钢作为内部集输管线的材料优于碳钢＋缓蚀剂。     

富水砂质地层的地铁区间隧道设计

深圳地铁2号线东延段安托山站—侨香站区间隧道顺利通过富水砂质地层的工程实例表明,在复杂地层中采用地面降水、超前预注浆及水平旋喷桩加固等辅助措施是成功的,也是必要的;另外,在隧道下穿次高压燃气管施工中,采用悬吊保护措施也为矿山法隧道施工和管线的绝对安全带来了技术保障。     

Physical environments influencing bicyclists’ perception of comfort on separated and on-street bicycle facilities

This study investigates the impacts of physical environments on bicyclists’ perceptions of comfort on separated and on-street bicycle facilities. Based on a field investigation conducted in Nanjing, China, we find that physical environmental factors significantly influencing bicyclists’ perception of comfort on the two types of facility. Cyclists’ comfort is mainly influenced by the road geometry and surrounding conditions on physically separated paths while they pay attention to the effective riding space and traffic situations on on-street bicycle lanes.