铁路工程沟槽基坑开挖定额结构体系研究

本文针对目前铁路工程预算定额中部分专业涉及的基坑、沟槽及管道开挖定额子目,结合现场实测数据,对现有沟槽基坑开挖定额结构体系进行研究和梳理。从适用性角度,重点对挖土和挖石定额子目的人工、机械效率做了对比分析,提出了统一定额单位、梳理地质类别、优化结构体系等建议,为铁路工程造价标准的制修订提供参考。     

Effects of Injection Timing on Transient Performance of A Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Turbine Bypass Valve

The object of this paper is to reduce soot emissions under typical 5s transient conditions of constant speed and increasing torque. And effects of fuel injection timing on combustion and emissions parameters were experimentally and numerically studied in a regulated two-stage turbocharged diesel engine with a turbine bypass valve (TBV). The test results indicated that: the smaller TBV opening could improve deterioration of smoke emissions and BSFC at medium and heavy loads. Afterward, the full-stage injection timing (FSIT) strategies (delaying injection timing during the entire transient process) could reduce soot and NO_X emissions simultaneously. However, when TBV opening became larger, smoke emissions and BSFC were deteriorated gradually. Moreover, the sectional-stage injection timing (SSIT) strategies (advancing injection timing from 10 % load to a preset load and delaying injection timing from the preset load to 100 % load) could markedly reduce soot emissions by 75.8 % with TBV opening 20 %; the degradation of fuel consumption could be effectively suppressed. Finally, coupling the SSIT strategies with the TBV control strategies could significantly improve the transient performance.     

A linear complementarity method for the solution of vertical vehicle–track interaction

A new method is proposed for the solution of the vertical vehicle–track interaction including a separation between wheel and rail. The vehicle is modelled as a multi-body system using rigid bodies, and the track is treated as a three-layer beam model in which the rail is considered as an Euler-Bernoulli beam and both the sleepers and the ballast are represented by lumped masses. A linear complementarity formulation is directly established using a combination of the wheel–rail normal contact condition and the generalised-α method. This linear complementarity problem is solved using the Lemke algorithm, and the wheel–rail contact force can be obtained. Then the dynamic responses of the vehicle and the track are solved without iteration based on the generalised-α method. The same equations of motion for the vehicle and track are adopted at the different wheel–rail contact situations. This method can remove some restrictions, that is, time-dependent mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the coupled system, multiple equations of motion for the different contact situations and the effect of the contact stiffness. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for simulating the vehicle–track interaction including a separation between wheel and rail.     

某抽水蓄能电站侧式进/出水口体型优化数值模拟

对某抽水蓄能电站侧式进/出水口进行三维数值模拟,发现原体型存在不利水流现象。通过将扩散段底板坡度6%调整为2%,得到优化体型,以期望满足水力学要求。优化体型计算结果表明,减小扩散段底板坡度对进/出水口的水流流态、拦污栅断面的流速分布和不均匀系数、进出水口的水头损失等均有一定的改善作用。     

自由飞行环境中飞机对导弹的规避方法*

在当今空战情况下,导弹对于飞机的威胁愈发增长。为避免发生飞行冲突,需要飞机驾驶员适当改变航行诸元,但是由于导弹的速度在一般情况下远远大于飞机速度,且发现时双方距离较近,留给驾驶员的反应与操作时间较少。文章采用速度矢量三角形分析法,在二维平面上分析了飞机对于导弹的规避方法,提出了综合调整航向和航速冲突的方法。     

基于数值仿真的多开孔车轮定位器优化设计

针对车轮定位器的阻挡作用与其准确的定位特点,提出车轮定位器优化方法,使其性能得到了改善。为获得多开孔车轮定位器的最佳组合参数,采用正交试验法,以横截面的4个因素为设计变量,每个变量设计3个水平,建立了车辆与车轮定位器的有限元模型,并进行了9组试验。用 LS-DYNA 软件进行仿真分析,其结果与常用的车轮定位器性能进行比较。验证结果表明：多开孔车轮定位器能够有效地加强定位器的阻挡作用,且能做到准确定位的功能,达到优化的效果。     

信号交叉口交通流的数值仿真

通过建立城市道路交叉口交通流黄红灯前后边界条件与计算方法,利用LWR模型描述了交叉口周期性中断交通流.在数值差分模型中,应用仿真时步交叉口状态数组标识交叉口信号灯状态,并依时推进仿真计算.不同于连续交通流,城市道路交叉口交通流根据红绿灯的变换采用各路段分时、分段计算方法突出各子路段在不同信号灯下的不同路权特征,同时在差分计算和边界上考虑不同子路段的相互影响与衔接,整体刻画了交叉口及相关道路交通流的时空变化.算例表明,LWR模型与特殊边界条件结合,并配合基本图的灵活性,在城市道路交通流推算中结果合理可信,模型具有良好应用潜力.     

内燃机燃料化学动力学机理的研究进展

综述了国内外构建甲醇、乙醇、正庚烷(替代柴油)、异辛烷(替代汽油)、癸酸甲酯(替代生物柴油)等内燃机燃料详细化学动力学机理的研究进展.介绍了国际燃烧学界和反应动力学界对复杂反应体系的反应机理进行简化处理的主要方法,以及运用这些方法所取得的研究成果,比较分析了不同机理简化方法的理论基础和优缺点.鉴于代用燃料常采用掺烧方法...     

基于声强试验法的柴油机噪声源识别与评价

运用GRAS声强测试仪器,对高压共轨柴油机的燃油泵、风扇、排气侧、摇臂侧盖面建立225个测量网格,对怠速、最大扭矩、标定及其他工况的噪声进行测量.将所得数据用STARAcoustics声强软件进行处理和分析,得出柴油机各个测量表面的声强矢量、等声强和声功率分布.提出噪声源分比率概念,并对柴油机的主要噪声源进行了识别.研...     

地质雷达在公路隧道衬砌检测中的应用研究

为提高地质雷达检测隧道衬砌的精度,在分析实测过程的各个环节时,要尽量减少检测过程对结果的影响。以长坂坡隧道衬砌检测为研究对象,在不用测量轮的情况下,通过缩小内插桩号间距,减少人工移动天线速度不均造成的误差,提高检测数据在轴向的精度。通过计算已知厚度端的衬砌混凝土电磁波速度,采用其均值作为相应衬砌段的混凝土电磁波速度,反算出混凝土厚度,避免了直接采用介电常数计算造成的误差,并把误差控制在厘米级,提高了检测精度。