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81.
David Tozer Andrew Penfold 《上海造船》2008,(1):1-3
集装箱贸易显著的增长不仅表现在集装箱船队的总箱数已超过1100万箱,还表现在船的大小上。今天使用中的最大的集装箱船已超过1万箱。 相似文献
82.
The ability of conventional South African travel analysis practices to analyse adequately the travel needs of the poor is examined. The origins and nature of conventional practices are described, and it is observed that typically their scope has been limited to motorized modes, commutes and peaks. The paper reports on the findings of an activity diary survey administered in Cape Town that extended the conventional scope of analysis. An activity‐based survey method was selected because it typically yields higher rates of trip recall than other methods and is therefore relatively well suited to investigating travel behaviour in its fuller complexity. Selected findings of the survey are presented to demonstrate that travel occurring by non‐motorized modes, for non‐work purposes and during off‐peak periods, is considerable. It is argued that the conventional limitation in analytical scope can create serious misconceptions of the true nature of travel behaviour, particularly of low‐income households. By restricting the focus of analysis to motorized, work and peak period trip‐making, there is a risk of a routine bias being introduced in the way the urban passenger transport problem is understood, and in the nature of the interventions that are implemented as a result. 相似文献
83.
Peng Peng Lawrence V. Snyder Andrew Lim Zuli Liu 《Transportation Research Part B: Methodological》2011,45(8):1190-1211
This paper studies a strategic supply chain management problem to design reliable networks that perform as well as possible under normal conditions, while also performing relatively well when disruptions strike. We present a mixed-integer programming model whose objective is to minimize the nominal cost (the cost when no disruptions occur) while reducing the disruption risk using the p-robustness criterion (which bounds the cost in disruption scenarios). We propose a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm that is based on genetic algorithms, local improvement, and the shortest augmenting path method. Numerical tests show that the heuristic greatly outperforms CPLEX in terms of solution speed, while still delivering excellent solution quality. We demonstrate the tradeoff between the nominal cost and system reliability, showing that substantial improvements in reliability are often possible with minimal increases in cost. We also show that our model produces solutions that are less conservative than those generated by common robustness measures. 相似文献
84.
Assessing the impact of characteristics of the built environment on travel behavior can yield valuable tools for land use
and transportation planning. Of particular interest are planning models that can estimate the effects of ‘smart growth’ planning.
In this paper, a post-processor method of quantifying and searching for relationships among many aspects of travel behavior
and the built environment is developed and applied to the Buffalo, NY area. A wide scope of travel behavior is examined, and
over 50 variables, many of which are based on high-detail data sources, are examined for potentially quantifying the built
environment. Linear modeling is then used to relate travel behavior and the built environment, and the resulting models may
be applied in a post-processor fashion to travel models to provide some measure of sensitivity to built environment modifications.
The study’s findings demonstrate that mode choice is highly correlated to measures of the built environment, and that many
of the principles of smart growth appear to be a valid way to encourage non-vehicle travel. Home-based VHT and VMT appear
to be affected by the built environment to a lesser degree. 相似文献
85.
在过去的一个世纪里,城市交通控制始终在演变,以适应日益复杂的政策目标和不断增长的交通需求。一个高效的交通控制系统可以带来很多收益,例如缓解拥堵、提高经济效益以及改善道路安全和空气质量。车辆检测和通信技术方面取得的显著进步为交通控制系统的调控能力带来了一系列阶段性变化:从早期(固定配时)信号控制发展到现代化的集成系统。多种类型的交通控制系统在全球不同地区建设完成,每种系统都有各自的优势和不足。首先通过对比分析目前占据领先地位的商用系统(以及一些较少为人所知的系统),凸显交通控制系统的关键特征和差异,然后评估目前的交通控制系统是否能实现现代交通政策的职能和需求。最后,探讨了当前及未来的交通政策,以及未来10年交通控制发展的技术性蓝图,指出交通控制有望通过技术进步从有限数据时代迈入大数据时代。 相似文献
86.
Using time-use data from Canada, Norway, and Sweden, this study briefly outlines the essence of the activity setting approach
and illustrates one aspect of its usefulness by exploring the impact of social contact on travel behaviour. The activity system
approach views behaviour in context. Activity settings are generic components of the activity system and studying them using
time-use diaries can provide major insights into travel behaviour. Focusing on social contact, this paper characterizes the
social environment in terms of social circle (interaction partners) and social space (location). The analysis shows that there
are clear differences in the levels of social interaction across various groups, including those who work at home. The 1992
Canadian data showed people working at the workplace spend relatively more time with others, about 50% of total time awake.
Working at home reduced the time with others to a low of 15.7%. when people worked at home the family benefited, almost doubling
the time spent with them compared to those working at the workplace. Persons working at home only spend the most time alone.
There is a tendency for persons with low social interaction to travel more. It is argued that individual need, or want, social
contact and if they cannot find it at the workplace they will seek it elsewhere thus generating travel. Whether this is the
result of need or opportunity is of minor relevance, what it does suggest is that working in isolation at home will not necessarily
diminish travel but rather may simply change its purpose.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
87.
Andrew Wright 《汽车与配件》2008,(15):30-31
公司简介
CSM Worldwide公司(www.csmauto.com),为全球650多个汽车整车制造商,汽车零部件供应商和其他经济组织提供全球汽车市场咨询和预测服务。公司总部位于北美底特律,在全球12个地区设有分公司或附属机构。中国公司总部设在上海。 相似文献
88.
Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is about improving mobility for people. Since Gothenburg piloted the first multi-modal Mobility as a Service (MaaS) scheme from 2012, there have been many further attempts at introducing connected and bundled services globally, invariably provided as a mobile app and a single, simple ticketing interface. As in any emerging paradigm, the varying flavour, or ‘shapes’ of MaaS that are piloted reflect the search for a sustainable business model and connectivity between transport operators at varying levels that includes risk reallocation and data sharing. The varying levels of success of MaaS and Mobility on Demand (MOD) lead the authors to propose MaaS Lite, which reflects an incremental approach to MaaS based on a simpler organisational arrangement that does not depend upon the introduction of a Mobility Operator as a new player. MaaS Lite also recognises that most trips are not complex at all, often based on one or two connected mechanised modes that meets highly local needs, including FMLM service connectivity.Overall, MaaS is not a ‘one size fits all’ solution for all regions but the benefits of the highly targeted MaaS Lite could realise early public benefits as a first step in the development of a multi-phased ‘services road map’ that evolves towards the implementation of multi-modal, region-wide operationally integrated MaaS. Case studies in Hong Kong and Brisbane demonstrate the merits of MaaS Lite in these two contrasting environments having different regulatory regimes, population densities and levels of private car ownership. 相似文献
89.
90.
Benson H. Tongue Andrew K. Packard Professor Paul Sachi Graduate Research Assistant 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1997,28(6):357-383
This paper presents a method with which one can evaluate alternative platooning control strategies with respect to worst case behavior. The motivation is to provide platoon control designers with an objective means of evaluating robustness in the face of system uncertainties. The approach can be viewed as an extension of optimal control procedures and is applicable to complex, nonlinear systems. An arbitrary number of uncertain parameters, unmodeled components and inputs are allowed. The end result is a lower bound for the worst case platoon performance. 相似文献