1/32° real-time global ocean prediction and value-added over 1/16° resolution

A 1/32° global ocean nowcast/forecast system has been developed by the Naval Research Laboratory at the Stennis Space Center. It started running at the Naval Oceanographic Office in near real-time on 1 Nov. 2003 and has been running daily in real-time since 1 Mar. 2005. It became an operational system on 6 March 2006, replacing the existing 1/16° system which ceased operation on 12 March 2006. Both systems use the NRL Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) with assimilation of sea surface height from satellite altimeters and sea surface temperature from multi-channel satellite infrared radiometers. Real-time and archived results are available online at http://www.ocean.nrlssc.navy.mil/global_nlom. The 1/32° system has improvements over the earlier system that can be grouped into two categories: (1) better resolution and representation of dynamical processes and (2) design modifications. The design modifications are the result of accrued knowledge since the development of the earlier 1/16° system. The improved horizontal resolution of the 1/32° system has significant dynamical benefits which increase the ability of the model to accurately nowcast and skillfully forecast. At the finer resolution, current pathways and their transports become more accurate, the sea surface height (SSH) variability increases and becomes more realistic and even the global ocean circulation experiences some changes (including inter-basin exchange). These improvements make the 1/32° system a better dynamical interpolator of assimilated satellite altimeter track data, using a one-day model forecast as the first guess. The result is quantitatively more accurate nowcasts, as is illustrated by several model-data comparisons. Based on comparisons with ocean color imagery in the northwestern Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, the 1/32° system has even demonstrated the ability to map small eddies, 25–75 km in diameter, with 70% reliability and a median eddy center location error of 22.5 km, a surprising and unanticipated result from assimilation of altimeter track data. For all of the eddies (50% small eddies), the reliability was 80% and the median eddy center location error was 29 km. The 1/32° system also exhibits improved forecast skill in relation to the 1/16° system. This is due to (a) a more accurate initial condition for the forecast and (b) better resolution and representation of critical dynamical processes (such as upper ocean – topographic coupling via mesoscale flow instabilities) which allow the model to more accurately evolve these features in time while running in forecast mode (forecast atmospheric forcing for the first 5 days, then gradually reverting toward climatology for the remainder of the 30-day forecast period). At 1/32° resolution, forecast SSH generally compares better with unassimilated observations and the anomaly correlation of the forecast SSH exceeds that from persistence by a larger amount than found in the 1/16° system.     

An approach to estimating the hull girder response of a ship due to springing

This article describes an estimation method for the hull girder response of a ship due to springing. The linear and nonlinear springing effects on the hull girder are evaluated. Previous studies on the springing response focused mainly on the symmetric response, or vertical response. In this article, however, the springing analysis is extended to asymmetric responses, or horizontal and torsional responses. The Timoshenko beam model was used to calculate the hull girder response and the quadratic strip method was employed to calculate hydrodynamic forces and moments on the hull. To remove irregular frequencies, a rigid lid was adopted on the hull free surface level and hydrodynamic coefficients were interpolated for asymptotic values. Applications to two ships for the symmetric and asymmetric responses were carried out and the effect of springing responses is also discussed.     

提速客车转向架转臂的拓扑优化设计

为设计出易于安装及落车的提速客车转向架转臂结构,基于变密度法和非线性接触有限元法对转臂进行了拓扑优化和强度分析。以HyperMesh/Optistruct为拓扑优化分析平台,创建了转臂的拓扑优化模型;以I-DEAS软件为多体接触分析平台,建立和分析了新型转臂的多体接触有限元模型。结果表明:新型转臂结构在满足使用强度的要求下,不仅从整体上改善了结构的应力分布,使应力分布更趋均匀,而且转臂的质量也比现有结构的质量下降了9.7%。     

Automated Emergency Four-Wheel-Steered Vehicle Using Continuous Gain Equations

Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS), when realized, should substantially increase the convenience and safety of highway travel. Automated lateral control is an important step in the realization of AVCS. Much research has been concerned with lateral control during low-g maneuvers. However, before passengers' lives are in the hands of any automated laterally-controlled vehicle, the vehicle controller must be designed to respond to emergency situations where high-g maneuvers may be necessary.

This paper presents the development of a nonlinear-gain-optimized (NGO) controller for emergency automated lateral control of four wheel steered automobiles. Continuous gain equations (GE) are used to account for changes in the vehicle speed. The NGO controller uses a linear vehicle/tire model to define the state model. The response of a nonlinear vehicle/tire model is used to choose the performance index that optimizes the feedback gains for high-g emergency maneuvers at discrete speeds. Continuous gain equations are then derived as least-square approximations to each set of gains.

The performance of the four-wheel-steer continuous gain equations (4WS-GE) controller is compared to that of a two-wheel-steer continuous gain equations (2WS-GE) controller. Significant improvements in vehicle response are realized by using the 4WS-GE controller. The robustness of the controller's performance is examined with respect to changes in tire parameters and changes in vehicle mass.     

减少机车柴油机零部件损坏的途径（续完）

使用表明:Д49型柴油机用组合结构活塞与其它类型柴油机及国外柴油机上所采用的整体活塞相比有着许多较严重的缺点. 1995年"十月"铁路局的特诺机务段在发给全俄铁路运输研究院的报告中说:Д49型柴油机活塞的头部有一很大的蓄热区.机务段发给该院13只这种活塞头,图4说明了活塞上蓄热区分布情况.从图4上看得很清楚:热量是沿活塞头边缘向活塞头中心位置大量地积蓄的,且同时几乎完全与由活塞头中心向活塞头边缘分布的油管孔重叠在一起(活塞头上有直径为5 mm的油孔12个).     

俄罗斯"雄鹰号”新一代高速电动车组(续完)

3 转向架、受电弓和车钩缓冲装置 列车转向架、新型受电弓和车钩缓冲装置的研制任务由全俄运输机器制造科学研究所承担.此项工作是根据俄罗斯"高速干线”公司和"红宝石”中央海军兵器设计局制定的技术任务书,在全俄铁路运输科学研究院、圣彼得堡国立交通大学、莫斯科铁路运输工程学院、全俄电气机车制造科学研究所等多家著名专业院所的共同参与下完成的. 澳大利亚将修建长150 km重载运煤铁路干线 澳大利亚铁路网将增添一条长150 km的干线用于行驶重载列车.该干线用于将昆士兰州苏拉特(Сурат)区域开采的煤炭运往塔容(Tarong)火力发电站.该线路不仅经过平原,而且要穿过大分水岭(坡度不大于20‰),计划开行总重为14 000 t的列车.为使轴重达32 t,预定在钢筋混凝土轨枕上铺设60 kg/m钢轨.漏斗车车体采用铝制,整列车将用6 000 Hp(4 412.99 kW)的内燃机车牵引.     

对某汽配厂接触噪声工人90项症状自评量表的调查研究

运用９０项症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０）对汽配厂接触高强度噪声［９５ｄＢ（Ａ）～１００ｄＢ（Ａ）］的工人进行调查发现，接触组工人的人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性等因子均与对照有显著性差异，同时也高于正常成人组，提示９０项症状自评量表可以应用于噪声接触工人的心理学研究和早期检测指标的职业流行病学的调查。     

济南铁路局尘肺病流行病学调查分析

目的探讨济南铁路局粉尘作业人员尘肺的流行病学特征,为预防和控制尘肺病提供科学依据。方法在济南铁路局4个系统抽取56个企业单位,对其中917名粉尘作业人员进行尘肺流行病学调查。结果检出尘肺病14例,检出率1.5%;疑似尘肺病(0 期)检出146人,检出率15.9%;0 期尘肺病患者的平均工龄明显高于0期(P<0.01)。电焊工占总接尘工种的55.3%,是该局的主要接尘工种,也是胸片检查异常比重最大的工种(62.50%)。结论济南铁路局尘肺病以疑似尘肺病为主。车辆段、换轨段、配件厂、工务段的防尘重点是电焊烟尘。应当高度重视疑似尘肺病患者,加强健康监护和现场监测,采取有效的防治措施。     

“南海挑战号”半潜平台改造方案研究

随着开发形势的发展，流花油田“南海挑战号”半潜平台现有的4台发电机越来越不满足电力供应要求，因而必须增加新的发电机。但由于增加电机及相应辅机、结构等较重，超过规范要求。“南海挑战号”必须停产做倾斜试验，这会对业主造成很大的经济损失。针对电站扩容项目，通过数值计算方法精确得到平台改造后的重量重心，平台完整稳性和破舱稳性均满足船级社规范中关于稳性的要求，避免了停产做倾斜试验等问题。     

自动化:中小港口面临的挑战

这是作者 2 0 0 1年在香港举行的TOC亚洲会议上所作的关于集装箱港口发展自动化的报告 ,重点回答了中小集装箱码头要不要发展自动化以及如何实现自动化的问题 ,提出了发展中小集装箱码头自动化的思路和新的方案 ,并对采用自动化技术后所带来的投资效益进行了较深入的分析和评价