A robust,data-driven methodology for real-world driving cycle development

This paper develops a robust, data-driven Markov Chain method to capture real-world behaviour in a driving cycle without deconstructing the raw velocity–time sequence. The accuracy of the driving cycles developed using this method was assessed on nine metrics as a function of the number of velocity states, driving cycle length and number of Markov repetitions. The road grade was introduced using vehicle specific power and a velocity penalty. The method was demonstrated on a corpus of 1180 km from a trial of electric scooters. The accuracies of the candidate driving cycles depended most strongly on the number of Markov repetitions. The best driving cycle used 135 velocity modes, was 500 s and captured the corpus behaviour to within 5% after 1,000,000 Markov repetitions. In general, the best driving cycle reproduced the corpus behaviour better when road grade was included.     

Effect of WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanoparticle loading on the microstructural,mechanical and corrosion resistance of Zn matrix/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanocomposite coatings for marine application

In this study, for marine application purposes, we evaluated the effect of process parameter and particle loading on the microstructure, mechanical reinforcement and corrosion resistance properties of a Zn-TiO₂-WO₃ nanocomposite produced via electrodeposition. We characterized the morphological properties of the composite coatings with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). We carried out mechanical examination using a Dura Scan hardness tester and a CERT UMT-2 multi-functional tribological tester. We evaluated the corrosion properties by linear polarization in 3.5% NaCl. The results show that the coatings exhibited good stability and the quantitative particle loading greatly enhanced the structural and morphological properties, hardness behavior and corrosion resistance of the coatings. We observed the precipitation of this alloy on steel is greatly influenced by the composite characteristics.     

The capacity of a priority intersection

We present simple formulae for the maximum capacity of an intersection of a single stream of minor traffic with a single stream of major (priority) traffic. The method allows for both mixed (nonhomogeneous) vehicle types and for inconsistent driver behaviour in the minor traffic stream. For a realistic class of major headway distributions the capacity is the harmonic mean of the capacities for each individual vehicle type. The formulae include generalisations of Tanner's formula for the cases of inconsistent and/or nonhomogeneous minor vehicles.     

船闸闸室墙表面修复砂浆物理力学性能试验研究

对丙乳砂浆、硅粉砂浆、高强砂浆、聚丙烯纤维高强砂浆及玄武岩纤维高强砂浆5种船闸闸室墙表面修复材料进行了一系列物理力学性能试验。研究结果表明：丙乳明显降低了砂浆的抗压、抗折尤其是抗压强度,但能有效改善砂浆的早期抗干缩能力及增强砂浆韧性：由于硅粉微粒的填充作用及火山灰反应硅粉砂浆具有优良的力学性能,其28d抗压、抗折和抗拉强度分别为分别为85．9MPa、15．93MPa和5．732MPa,能承受的抗弯荷载也较大,为5.3kN,但其塑性收缩大且韧性不强;聚丙烯纤维和玄武岩纤维高强砂浆具有较高的力学性能,同时纤维的加入能有效改善砂浆的早期抗干缩能力．显著增加砂浆的断裂挠度和韧性从而提高砂浆抵抗变形开裂的能力。     

欧洲绿色交通发展经验

首先探索了绿色交通涉及的因素,指出可持续交通层面下的政策目标。对实现这些目标可以采取的相关策略进行分析,包括新技术的应用以及交通政策的干预。基于欧洲经验,总结了交通政策的效果和作用,包括土地利用、基础设施、交通管理、运营措施、信息和宣传、费用等。最后,针对实施交通战略过程中存在的体制、可接受性、财政三方面的阻碍提出建议。     

Decentralized neuro-fuzzy control for half car with semi-active suspension system

In this paper, a decentralized neuro-fuzzy controller has been created in order to improve the ride comfort and increase the stability for half car suspension system, which used the magneto-rheological damper as a semi-active device. Firstly, relative gain array and relative disturbance gain methods have been used for deriving a relation between inputs, disturbances and outputs to select pairing with minimum interaction to design a decentralize controller. Secondary, decentralized neuro-fuzzy controllers for front and rear chassis are designed to predict the required damping force taking the acceleration of the sprung mass and desired acceleration obtained by using pole-placement method as inputs. To predict the control voltage required for producing the force predicted by the controller, the inverse neuro-fuzzy model of MR damper has been designed. Simulation by using MATLAB programs has been created. The results show that the ride comforts and vehicle stability have been improved in comparison with the passive system.     

Mixité sociale et choix modal : importance des dimensions symboliques dans l’attrait des transports collectives

Our understanding of transport mode choice is largely based upon functional attributes, such as travel time, cost or accessibility. It is important, however, to also look at symbolic and affective attributes. Indeed, one of the main differences between mass transit and private car use is strongly symbolic: public transport compels users to confront social diversity. Given a hypothetical choice between those modes, 200 residents of the Parisian region were asked five times to evaluate (measuring usage intention on a six point scale: ?3 meaning never and +3 meaning always, with no neutral point) the attractiveness of bus versus car-based transport, according to relative travel time and bus users’ population type. The results show that the symbolic dimension (the social mix) strongly contributes to the desirability of a transport mode, as does the functional dimension (travel time).     

Heat exchanger/catalytic system for reducing the exhaust emissions from diesel engines

A system has been researched over the past 3 years for reducing the exhaust pollutants from diesel engines for light commercial vehicles. The system researched achieves Euro 6 standards for reduction of polluting gases (CO, HC, PM, NO). It consists of 4 main sections: 1. A heater and heat exchanger (HE); 2. A CO/HC oxidising catalyst (D°C); 3. Pt catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 4. A NO reducing reaction (SCR) within the DPF. The system operates as follows. The exhaust gas contains oxidising gases, namely both O₂ and NO₂. The levels of CO and HC are oxidised by O₂ to CO₂ for temperatures above 200°C. Carbon (PM) is oxidised to CO₂ by NO₂ but requires a temperature above 250°C. The operating exhaust temperature of 300°C is ideal for the removal of NO by using the Pt catalyst and the CO generated within the DPF. The heater is required to be able to raise the exhaust temperature at any time to 300°C in order to optimise the performance of the system, since diesel engine exhaust temperatures vary between 160°C (slow speeds) to 350°C (high speeds). Considerable heat is required (??3 kW) to maintain the exhaust gas for a 2l engine at 300°C for engine idle conditions. Therefore a heat exchanger is required to re-circulate the input heat and thereby reduce the maximum power consumption to a maximum of 500W over the engine full operating test cycle. This energy is supplied by the engine battery and alternator. Experimental results have been obtained for the exhaust from a Kubota diesel engine and the reductions in exhaust emissions of 83% (CO/ HC), 58% (NOx) and 99% (PM) were obtained. The PM was continuously cleaned so that there was no build up of back pressure.