潮湿路面滑水现象及抗滑力模型

滑水及抗滑力的衰减是潮湿条件下影响道路及机场跑道交通安全的两个重要因素。模拟潮湿路面抗滑力是一个相对复杂的问题。笔者采用理论研究方法,提出了一个分析计算模型,用来模拟车轮滑移速度增加时,潮湿路面的滑水现象及抗滑力的衰减情况。该理论公式及三维有限元模型的理论基础是固体力学及流体动力学。通过NASA滑水速度方程,对模型计算的滑水速度进行分析验证。     

季冻区隧道离壁式波纹钢板保温套衬及其保温效果研究北大核心CSCD

为防治季冻区隧道中频繁出现的冻害问题,提出一种新型离壁式波纹钢板保温套衬,该套衬具有施工简便、防水性能可靠、防止混凝土掉块、提高聚氨酯使用寿命等优势,采用数值仿真对季冻区施作离壁式波纹钢板保温套衬隧道的温度场及其保温效果进行研究。结果表明:季冻区隧道施作新型离壁式波纹钢板保温套衬后,阻隔了寒冷空气对衬砌结构的影响,围岩正温区范围增大,隧道冻结线由距衬砌0.48 m围岩处前移至保温套衬,有效防止了季冻区隧道冻害的发生;季冻区隧道贴壁式聚氨酯保温层的保温效果为89.90%~96.43%,新型离壁式波纹钢板保温套衬的保温效果为101.94%~107.14%,离壁式波纹钢板保温套衬的保温效果要优于贴壁式聚氨酯保温层。     

Benefit segmentation of the container shipping market in Turkey

ABSTRACT

Marketing policies have gained more importance in container shipping as the industry experiences challenges arising from commoditization. Market segmentation is fundamental to marketing policies, yet it needs a detailed analysis in container shipping. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore homogenous customer groups in container shipping by conducting a segmentation analysis, which can help container lines apply more efficient marketing policies. A survey study is conducted on 356 shippers in Turkey. The study develops five reliable and valid selection criteria factors and applies cluster analysis based on the selection criteria factors. The cluster analysis produces a total of six benefit segments which are differentiable. The segments are significantly identified by the demographic characteristics of shippers. The paper suggests several implications for the marketing policies of container lines.     

Examining the effect of life course events on modality type and the moderating influence of life stage

Transportation - Previous research has demonstrated the relevance of life events to explain changes in travel behavior. Less clear is the moderating role played by life stages on the relationship...     

Structural design considerations for ships operating in arctic regions北大核心CSCD

冰脊和冰山与极地船体发生碰撞将影响船体结构安全,并决定船体结构设计载荷。船体结构设计应遵循基于风险的设计原则,通常涉及以下极限状态设计准则:1)服务极限状态(SLS);2)最终极限状态(ULS);3)疲劳极限状态(FLS);4)事故极限状态(ALS)。最终极限状态和事故极限状态对应于发生概率极低的船与冰脊作用以及冰山撞击事件,旨在确保船体结构不会完全损毁。然而,对于较低概率水平的冰载荷分析,需进行较大数据量的工况分析,计算耗时无法承受。为此,引入环境等值轮廓方法,来大幅减少冰载荷分析所需工况数量,并给出设计工况最有可能的冰体参数组合方式。结合最终极限状态和事故极限状态,举例说明这一方法的运用方式。环境等值轮廓方法可为现有极地船舶船体结构设计方法提供有效补充。     

Information impact on quality of multimodal travel choices: conceptualizations and empirical analyses

This paper investigates the impact of a variety of travel information types on the quality of travel choices. Choice quality is measured by comparing observed choices made under conditions of incomplete knowledge with predicted choice probabilities under complete knowledge. Furthermore, the potential impact of travel information is considered along multiple attribute-dimensions of alternatives, rather than in terms of travel time reductions only. Data is obtained from a choice experiment in a multimodal travel simulator in combination with a web-based mode-choice experiment. A Structural Equation Model is estimated to test a series of hypothesized direct and indirect relations between a traveler’s knowledge levels, information acquisition behavior and the resulting travel-choice quality. The estimation results support the hypothesized relations, which provides evidence of validity and applicability of the developed measure of travel-choice quality. Furthermore, found relations in general provide some careful support for the often expected impact of information on the quality of travel choices. The effects are largest for information services that generate previously unknown alternatives, and lowest for services that provide warnings in case of high travel times only.

Shifting control of an automated mechanical transmission without using the clutch

The automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is gaining popularity in the automotive industry, due to its combination of the advantages of mechanical transmissions (MT) and automatic transmissions (AT) in terms of fuel consumption, low cost, improved driving comfort and shifting quality. However, the inherent structural characteristics of the AMT lead to disadvantages, including excessive wear of the clutch plates and jerk and traction interruption during the shift process, that severely affect its popularity in the automatic transmission industry. The emerging technology of shifting control without the use of the clutch is a promising way to improve the shifting transients of AMTs. This paper proposes a control algorithm that combines speed and torque control of the AMT vehicle powertrain to achieve shifting control without using the clutch. The key technologies of accurate engine torque and speed control and rapid position control of the shift actuators are described in detail. To realize accurate engine speed control, a combined control algorithm based on feed-forward, bang-bang and PID control is adopted. Additionally, an optimized closed-loop position control algorithm based on LQR is proposed for the shift actuators. The coordinated control algorithm based on engine and shift actuator control is described in detail and validated on a test vehicle equipped with an AMT. The results show that the coordinated control algorithm can achieve shifting control without the use of the clutch to improve driving comfort significantly, reduce shift transients and extend the service life of the clutch.     

Influence of the accelerating operation mechanism on the combustion noise in DI-diesel engines

This paper focuses on the mechanisms of combustion noise during the accelerating operation of multi-cylinder diesel engines using testing technology for the transient conditions of IC engines. Based on impact factors, such as the gas dynamic load and cylinder pressure oscillations, tests and analysis of the combustion noise during transient and steady-state conditions for different loads are made on four-cylinder naturally aspirated engines, turbocharged engines, EGR-introduced engines, and high pressure common rail engines. The laws of combustion noise difference for the same engine speed and load are researched during transient and steady-state conditions. It is found that during transient conditions, the maximum pressure rise rate and the high frequency oscillation amplitude of the cylinder pressure are all higher than those observed during steadystate conditions for the same engine speed and load. With their joint action, the combustion noise during transient conditions is greater than that during steady-state conditions. Turbocharging is useful in reducing the combustion noise during transient conditions. Turbocharging has a better effect on the control over the combustion noise during transient conditions with a constant engine speed and an increasing torque than in conditions with a constant torque and an increasing engine speed. One of the main reasons for different control effects on the combustion noise is that turbocharging causes different wall temperatures inside combustion chambers. The introduction of the appropriate EGR is helpful in the reduction of the combustion noise during transient conditions. The key to the control of combustion noise with EGR during transient conditions is whether a real-time adjustment to the EGR rate can be made to achieve the optimization of the EGR rates for different transient conditions. By means of analyzing the differences in the combustion noise between the transient and steady-state conditions for different pilot injection controls, we obtain a strategy for controlling the combustion noise during transient conditions with a pilot injection. Compared with the steady-state conditions, a larger pilot injection quantity and a longer interval between the main injection and pilot injection should be selected for transient conditions, and this is verified through tests.     

Smooth motion control of the adaptive cruise control system by a virtual lead vehicle

The adaptive cruise control system maintains the appropriate distance to the lead vehicle when the lead vehicle exists and maintains the desired speed when no lead vehicle is detected. A virtual lead vehicle scheme is introduced to make the switching between the speed control algorithm and the distance control algorithm unnecessary and simplify the structure of the control system. The speed and the position of the virtual vehicle can be decided by the control system according to the current situation. Smoother responses are achieved by the virtual lead vehicle scheme compared to the conventional mode switching scheme. This method is also shown to provide a good reaction for when a lead vehicle cuts in or out. A linear quadratic controller with variable weights is suggested to control the virtual lead vehicle. This scheme shows improved performance in terms of passenger comfort and fuel efficiency of the host vehicle.     

Robust detection of preceding vehicles in crowded traffic conditions

This paper introduces an adaptive scheme for robustly detecting multiple preceding vehicles in crowded traffic conditions. The scheme focuses on issues frequently observed in the interpretation of traffic scenes recorded by cameras installed in vehicles: stable extraction of features and accurate classification in spite of the vehicle??s constant vibrations and dynamic changes in the distance between vehicles. To address these issues, we introduce the concept of integral features and a method of utilizing the scene geometry information. Each of the simple attributes, such as edges, shadows, and symmetry, is compiled in the window confined by the scene geometry to improve the expressiveness and robustness of the extracted features. The scene geometry information that is then estimated from the perspective view is extensively utilized in constituent system components, including not only feature extraction/integration but also neural network-based classification and distance-adaptive clustering. In addition, employing the Kalman filter along with a confidence measure makes the detection and tracking of potential vehicles robust. Experimental results prove that the system employing the proposed scheme detects and tracks multiple vehicles more effectively, even in crowded traffic conditions, with a lower rate of false positives.