Changes in real incomes and the demand for taxicabs

This paper comments on the possible future of the taxicab industry within the context of a familiar economic-growth model. The future capability of the taxicab industry to check increases in real costs is shown to be an important determinant in the industry's long-term viability. More importantly, the effect of rising real incomes on the demand for taxicabs is postulated also to have a strong effect on future demand. The strength of this effect and the exact position of the taxicab in the transit tree have important implications not only for the future demand for taxis but also for the more traditional modes of public transport.     

模腔注射模拟显式算法中对流项作用的评估

为研究Navier-Stokes方程中对流项对粘性流注射模拟结果的影响,在基于矢量化显式算法模拟软件中加入对流作用项.应用修正后的软件模拟两个典型的注射填充过程的算例,并与相应的实验比较.对模拟和实验结果的比较表明,对流项对粘性流注射填充过程和的其中的自由表面形状的模拟结果影响可以忽略.     

NEURAL NETWORKS PREDICTION FOR SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STRUCTURE UNDER THE LEVENBERG-MARQUARDT ALGORITHM

Activecontrolandsemi activecontrolarenewapproachestoseismichazardmitigationofstructure .Whileinactivecontrolorsemi activecontrol ,mea surementofstructurestate ,transmissionandcalcu lationofsignalandinflictionofcontrolforcerequiretime ,moreover ,controlforceiscalculatedaccordingtotheseismicresponseofstructureinlastepoch ,sothecontrolforceinactivecontrolorsemi activecontrolmaybedistortedduetotime delay .Suchdistortionusuallyincreasestheseismicresponseofstructureandmakesstructuremoredangerous[1-3…     

轻轨车辆噪声评价标准初探

根据轻轨车辆噪声的现状及特点,本文认为轻轨车辆的噪声仍以A声级评价为宜,但需规定容许的倍频程带声压值,以抑制低频噪声对人体的影响,同时提出了轻轨车辆噪声的控制标准。最后还指出了A声级评价总体的缺陷,建议应以人体工程学为基础,综合考虑噪声对人体的多方面危害,以制定出更完善的轻轨车辆噪声评价标准。     

New methods of controlling vehicle ownership and usage in Singapore

Over the years Singapore has introduced several fiscal measures aimed at restraining car ownership and usage and thus preventing traffic congestion. Two new methods have recently been added: the Vehicle Quota System which limits the number of new vehicles registered each month and the Weekend Car Scheme which allows cars to be registered for use during off-peak hours only, with substantial financial savings to the owners. The Vehicle Quota System involves monthly public tenders for Certificates of Entitlement needed to register new cars. Over the past 30 months the cost of COE's has been increasing and now constitutes between 12% and 27% of the on-the-road price of a new car. The fluctuations in the COE premiums for different vehicle categories are presented and analysed. The initial problems and the recent modifications made as a result of public pressure are also described. It seems that the increases in COE premiums are likely to continue under strong economic growth conditions as the demand for cars is more income-elastic than price-elastic.     

地铁曲线段不规则磨耗引起的钢轨波磨监测

在小半径曲线的内轨侧出现钢轨短波波磨加剧的现象,是世界上许多铁路网都面临的一个问题。由于地铁线路小半径曲线大量存在,受其影响尤为突出。本文为一实例研究,属于一个研发预测曲线地段钢轨波磨的数值工具课题的一部分。在斯德哥尔摩地铁中一处半径为120m的曲线段上,通过重复测试轨道的粗糙度及列车通过时引起的噪声,监测波磨的发展状况。在一年的打磨过程中,发生了剧烈的短波波磨,最大峰-峰值约为0.15mm。测试数据谱分析显示,在4～14cm波长范围内,粗糙度幅值较大,峰值约在5和8cm处。波磨为单一的纵向形式（波峰与轨道方向垂直）,幅值在100m长的被测轨道段上呈现不规则变化。粗糙度增长速率随时间增加,直至钢轨打磨后的300天,此后仅有少量的附加粗糙度出现。由于平均车速约为30km/h,因此由波磨造成的滚动噪声主要处于200Hz以下的低频段。打磨后的139～300天,4～14cm波长范围内粗糙度级增加10.1dB,与之相应的60～200Hz频段内的滚动噪声级增加4.9dB。在干燥天气条件下,列车通过时引起人体不适的噪声主要是车轮啸鸣噪声而非滚动噪声。     

Theoretical studies of active power/angle sub-matrix in power flow Jacobian for power system analysis

Properties of the active power/angle sub-matrix in the power flow Jacobian for power system analysis are studied. The sub-matrix is a dominant and irreducible matrix under very general conditions of power systems, so that it is invertible. Also the necessary conditions for its singularity are given. These theoretical results can be used to clarify the ambiguous understanding of the sub-matrix in current literature, and also provide the theoretical foundations for the applications based on reduced power flow Jacobian. Numerical simulation on the IEEE 118-bus power system is used to illustrate our results.     

Performance analysis according to the combination of energy storage system for fuel cell hybrid vehicle

The need for the unmanned ground combat vehicle (UGCV), which is used for the surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting during extremely dangerous condition on the battlefield, has steadily increased, and the transition from manned ground combat vehicles to unmanned ground combat vehicles is expected to reduce the loss of lives during battle. The UGCV needs many types of capabilities to achieve satisfactory performance. This paper focuses on the modeling and control of the power system of the UGCV, and proposes the fuel cell hybrid system (FCHS) for the power system of the UGCV. The fuel cell hybrid system has many advantages in stealth drive and the system efficiency. In addition, the FCHS is much quieter than the engine generator and generates much less heat. The benefits of the FCHS are advantageous for use in Army operations, which require ‘silent watch’ capability and the ability to operate without showing up on an enemy’s radar screen. The FCHS has a fuel cell and uses an energy storage system (ESS) as a power source. The ESS (e.g., batteries or ultracapacitors) helps the fuel cell supply power to the electric drive system and also recovers energy during deceleration. The ESS makes it possible to improve the efficiency and dynamic characteristic of the power system. In this paper, the FCHS is composed of different combinations of component models. The component sizes are chosen to satisfy performance requirements. In order to determine the power distribution between the fuel cell and the ESS, a power management strategy based on the required power and the SOC (state of charge) of the ESS is proposed. Batteries and ultracapacitor, components of the ESS, have different characteristics. Accordingly, varying the combination of ESS components can change the performance of the power system. The performance of the FCHS with respect to different combinations of ESS is analyzed using simulated results.     

Reaction characteristics of the diesel oxidation catalyst of particulate matters from the diffusion flame of a oiler burner

The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the characteristics of the size distribution and the number concentration of PM (particulate matters) emitted from the diffusion flame of a boiler burner, which has the same type of combustion as a diesel engine. This study is performed to investigate the emission characteristics of nanoparticles generated from diffusion combustion in diesel fuel, and it considered fuel factors and the reaction characteristics of the nanoparticles on the DOC (Diesel oxidation catalyst). The factors examined in this experiment included the sulfur content in the fuel, the blend of the diesel fuel containing biodiesel and bio-ethanol, and the concentration of engine oil (0.1% and 1.0%) blended with diesel fuel. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles exhausted from the boiler burner was measured by an SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer). The number concentration of PM that were smaller than 70 nm in diameter greatly increased in the rear of the DOC when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used. The experiment also suggested that the particle number concentration in both the front and rear of the DOC was lower when ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) fuel blended with biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which are oxygenated fuels, was used than when only ULSD fuel was used. The higher the content of engine oil in the fuel, the higher the particle number concentration was in the front and rear of the catalyst. When the first dilution air temperature is increased from 30°C to 180°C, the nanoparticle number concentration dramatically dropped in the rear of the catalyst when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used, while the particle size distribution remained almost the same when the fuel with engine oil was used.     

Development of evolutionary cone type LSD for SUV/RV utilizing the axiomatic approach and the ultrasonic nano crystal surface modification technology

Surface topology, cone angle and the forces acting on the cone of the clutch type limited slip differential (LSD) are major design parameters for the bias ratio and the noise condition. Therefore much research has been dedicated to these developments but the results have been used to submit patents. A new cone type limited slip differential for sport utility vehicles and recreational vehicles, which has a very simple structure and easy compliance with the vehicle performance, has been developed by the axiomatic approach and the ultrasonic nano crystal surface modification (UNSM) technology. The design criteria and optimal value of the design parameters are determined by the axiomatic approach utilizing CAE tools. Test methodologies in a test rig and in a vehicle were also developed. Test results showed good performance of bias ratio and noise level but durability is still under testing. This study is an extension of F2006P266, FISITA 2006.