Comparing whole-link travel time models

In a model commonly used in dynamic traffic assignment the link travel time for a vehicle entering a link at time t is taken as a function of the number of vehicles on the link at time t. In an alternative recently introduced model, the travel time for a vehicle entering a link at time t is taken as a function of an estimate of the flow in the immediate neighbourhood of the vehicle, averaged over the time the vehicle is traversing the link. Here we compare the solutions obtained from these two models when applied to various inflow profiles. We also divide the link into segments, apply each model sequentially to the segments and again compare the results. As the number of segments is increased, the discretisation refined to the continuous limit, the solutions from the two models converge to the same solution, which is the solution of the Lighthill, Whitham, Richards (LWR) model for traffic flow. We illustrate the results for different travel time functions and patterns of inflows to the link. In the numerical examples the solutions from the second of the two models are closer to the limit solutions. We also show that the models converge even when the link segments are not homogeneous, and introduce a correction scheme in the second model to compensate for an approximation error, hence improving the approximation to the LWR model.     

A velocity and payload dependent emission model for heavy-duty road freight transportation

The paper develops a forecasting model of emissions from traffic flows embracing the dynamics of driving behavior due to variations in payload. To measure of emissions at the level of individual vehicles under varying payloads a portable emission measurement system is used. This paper reports on a model based on data at the level of individual vehicles for a representative road trajectory. The model aggregates the data to the level of a homogeneous flow dependent of velocity and specific power, which is dependent on payload weight. We find a lean specification for the model that provides emission factors for CO₂, NO_x, HC, CO, and NO₂. The results indicate that, in comparison with earlier models, NO_x emissions in particular tend to be underestimated.     

Transportania as gulliver might have seen it

It is an honour to be asked to speak at this, the Silver Jubilee of the International Symposia in 1984, in the presence of a number who, unlike myself, were present at the first symposium at the General Motors Research Laboratories in 1959 - Gordon Newell, Martin Beckmann and, foremost of all, Robert Herman, whose work is to be recognized next week by the award of an Honorary Degree at the University of Karlsruhe. Because it is such an honour to be asked, I had no hesitation in accepting Professor Volmuller's invitation, several months ago - to address you with a causerie on a subject of my choice.     

沙漠腹地公路高立式沙障防风阻沙性能研究

通过沙漠腹地现场实测和Fluent软件数值模拟对沙漠腹地公路高立式沙障防风阻沙性能进行研究。采用Fluent软件建立沙障和路基数值模型,基于欧拉双流体模型和多孔介质理论对高立式沙障和路基周围风沙流的运动进行数值模拟。采用三维超声风速仪测量高立式沙障周围气流速度,为数值模拟结果提供验证。通过数值模拟分析不同沙障高度和沙障数量下风沙流的运动规律,确定沙障高度和数量对高立式沙障防风固沙效果的影响。研究结果表明：气流在沙障迎风侧前方区域减速,沙障周围气流速度快速下降导致气流的携沙运动能力减弱,沙粒在沙障周围沉积。在沙障防护下,路基周围风速降低,路基的风蚀风积危害得到缓解。随着沙障的排数或沙障高度的增加,路基沿程的风速逐渐降低。3排及其以上沙障可以较好地阻挡风沙流的运动。5排沙障防护下,路基的迎风侧坡脚离地高度0.5 m处水平风速从11.05 m/s下降至5.37 m/s,风速的降低率达54.13%。在2.0 m沙障的防护下,路基的迎风坡和背风坡的路肩水平风速比1.5 m沙障的相应值低3～5 m/s,降低率最高达61.79%。     

船舶成品管尺寸偏差自动测量系统

针对使用传统量具对船舶成品管尺寸偏差进行检验存在效率低、误差大等问题,设计一种基于多相机摄影测量系统的船舶成品管尺寸偏差自动测量系统。该系统由近景工业摄影测量双相机系统、扫码枪软件集成系统、实时数字化分析软件和编码定位工装组成,实现不同种类成品管的实时在线检测工作,并出具检测结果报告。该系统可提高船舶成品管的检测精度和检测效率。     

长吹距工况下大型绞吸船串联施工技术

天津地区某疏浚工程采用大型绞吸船施工,最远吹距达17 km。针对单艘非自航大型绞吸挖泥船无法满足工程长吹距施工的问题,研究大型绞吸船串联施工技术。通过去除自有闲置绞吸船桥架、钢桩定位等系统,并增设锚缆定位等辅助设备的方式,针对串联施工对大型绞吸船进行适应性改造;通过对串联施工多种工况的理论计算,确定两船的最佳施工间距范围,提升大型绞吸船串联系统的生产率和稳定性,保障工程按期完成。结果表明：大型绞吸船串联施工设备改造方案及施工工艺满足工程长吹距施工要求,降低生产成本,减少船舶停滞,提升生产率约24%,效果显著。     

蝶形布置油码头平面设计要点

对港口工程设计中常见的蝶形布置油码头进行研究。结合国内外规范要求,采用对比分析法解析码头长度、系缆墩位置和靠船墩位置3个要点。其中,因为船体平直段相对船中的不对称,靠船墩位置是最为重要的设计内容。系缆墩位置不合理,只会影响缆绳受力均匀性和船舶运动量;而靠船墩位置不合理,会导致设计船型范围内的船舶无法安全靠泊。因此,结合某海外5万~30万t油码头,阐述靠船墩位置设计关键点,供港口工程设计人员参考。     

孟洲坝枢纽二线船闸上引航道通航水流条件试验研究

通过整体定床物理模型试验和船模通航试验,对孟洲坝枢纽二线船闸上引航道通航水流条件进行研究。结果表明:初步设计方案停泊段及口门区横向流速超标,不满足安全通航要求。采用加长隔流墙并设置透水段等措施对方案进行优化,并提出推荐方案。推荐方案下,口门区通航水流条件得到明显改善,且船模通航试验显示船舶操纵参数未超出规范限值,可满足安全通航要求。     

基于船模的木京扩建船闸通航水流条件试验研究

针对木京枢纽扩建船闸通航条件较为复杂的问题,对其上、下游引航道推荐方案的通航安全性进行试验论证研究。在水工模型试验的基础上,利用自航小尺度船模技术,观测分析船闸上、下游引航道在不同流量下的舵角、航速等通航参数。结果表明,在Q≥3 900 m~3/s时,上、下游引航道均有通航参数超过相应限值,难以保障通航安全。上、下游引航道的航行难点分别在于横流较大的转弯段和导墙末端,且均表现为进闸难度大于出闸难度。综合试验成果进行定量和定性分析,提出船闸最高限制通航流量为3 000 m~3/s,为工程优化设计及后期运行提供了科学可靠的数据基础。