新款奔驰A200L加装后视摄像头

<正>加装说明:本文和大家分享一下2018年上市的新款奔驰A200L加装倒车影像后视摄像头(如图1所示)的方法和步骤。此加装适用于奔驰型号为117.1,本文以新款A200L为例进行介绍。加装步骤:此步骤总体来说分为两大类即拆卸和安装,那么我们先来说拆卸部分。1.松开左侧和右侧后座区中的侧面饰件,如图2所示,然后推到一旁。不必拆下后座区中的C柱饰板和座椅靠背。     

二氧化碳排放争论的多层次影响

CSM Worldwide公司（www．csmauto．com）,为全球500多个汽车整车制造商、汽车零部件供应商和其他经济组织提供全球汽车市场资讯和预测服务。公司总部位于北美底特律,在全球12个地区设有分公司或附属机构,中国公司总部设在上海。[编者按]     

Travel time variability and airport accessibility

We analyze the cost of access travel time variability for air travelers. Reliable access to airports is important since the cost of missing a flight is likely to be high. First, the determinants of the preferred arrival times at airports are analyzed. Second, the willingness to pay (WTP) for reductions in access travel time, early and late arrival time at the airport, and the probability to miss a flight are estimated, using a stated choice experiment. The results indicate that the WTPs are relatively high. Third, a model is developed to calculate the cost of variable travel times for representative air travelers going by car, taking into account travel time cost, scheduling cost and the cost of missing a flight using empirical travel time data. In this model, the value of reliability for air travelers is derived taking “anticipating departure time choice” into account, meaning that travelers determine their departure time from home optimally. Results of the numerical exercise show that the cost of access travel time variability for business travelers are between 0% and 30% of total access travel cost, and for non-business travelers between 0% and 25%. These numbers depend strongly on the time of the day.     

The multi-objective network design problem using minimizing externalities as objectives: comparison of a genetic algorithm and simulated annealing framework

Incorporation of externalities in the Multi-Objective Network Design Problem (MO NDP) as objectives is an important step in designing sustainable networks. In this research the problem is defined as a bi-level optimization problem in which minimizing externalities are the objectives and link types which are associated with certain link characteristics are the discrete decision variables. Two distinct solution approaches for this multi-objective optimization problem are compared. The first heuristic is the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and the second heuristic is the dominance based multi objective simulated annealing (DBMO-SA). Both heuristics have been applied on a small hypothetical test network as well as a realistic case of the city of Almelo in the Netherlands. The results show that both heuristics are capable of solving the MO NDP. However, the NSGA-II outperforms DBMO-SA, because it is more efficient in finding more non-dominated optimal solutions within the same computation time and maximum number of assessed solutions.     

A practical method to estimate the benefits of improved road network reliability: an application to departing air passengers

This paper develops and applies a practical method to estimate the benefits of improved reliability of road networks. We present a general methodology to estimate the scheduling costs due to travel time variability for car travel. In contrast to existing practical methods, we explicitly consider the effect of travel time variability on departure time choices. We focus on situations when only mean delays are known, which is typically the case when standard transport models are used. We first show how travel time variability can be predicted from mean delays. We then estimate the scheduling costs of travellers, taking into account their optimal departure time choice given the estimated travel time variability. We illustrate the methodology for air passengers traveling by car to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. We find that on average planned improvements in network reliability only lead to a small reduction in access costs per trip in absolute terms, mainly because most air passengers drive to the airport outside peak hours, when travel time variability tends to be low. However, in relative terms the reduction in access costs due to the improvements in network reliability is substantial. In our case we find that for every 1 Euro reduction in travel time costs, there is an additional cost reduction of 0.7 Euro due to lower travel time variability, and hence lower scheduling costs. Ignoring the benefits from improved reliability may therefore lead to a severe underestimation of the total benefits of infrastructure improvements.     

Weekly travel-activity behavior

This paper describes a methodology for the analysis of multiday travel-activity patterns in which each multiday travel-activity pattern is characterized as a set of daily travel-activity pattern types. This approach facilitates identification of general weekly travel-activity pattern types as well as examination of the relationships between weekly travel-activity behavior and the hypothesized determinants of that behavior. This methodology is an extension of one developed previously by the author for analysis of daily travel-activity patterns. The methodology is applied to a sample of 112 weekly travel-activity patterns of employed people.The paper develops and examines a number of hypotheses concerning weekly and daily travel-activity patterns and their determinants. The empirical results show that general classes of weekly travel-activity behavior can be identified and that these classes of behavior are related to particular individual and household sociodemographic characteristics. The results also show that, for employed people, daily travel-activity pattern type selection is independent of the day-of-the-week, although there appear to be some specific day-of-week differences in the data used in this research. Further, the empirical results do not reject the hypothesis that the selection of daily travel-activity behavior in a two-stage process (selection of weekly behavior followed by conditional selection of daily behavior), is not influenced by socio-demographic characteristics beyond their impact on selection of the weekly pattern type.     

新款奔驰GLB260加装前部发光三叉星徽

加装说明:本文和大家分享一下新上市的新款奔驰GLB260加装前部发光三叉星徽(如图1所示)的方法和步骤.此加装文档适用于奔驰型号为247.646/647/651,除了代码233[车距车速自动调节系统增强版 (DISTRONIC PLUS)],本文以新款奔驰GLB260为例进行介绍.