Cost and time damping: evidence from aggregate rail direct demand models

There is a significant body of evidence from both disaggregate choice modelling literature and practical travel demand forecasting that the responsiveness to cost and possibly to time diminishes with journey length. This has, in Britain at least, been termed ‘Cost Damping’, and is recognised in guidance issued by the UK Department for Transport. However, the consistency of the effect across modes and data types has not been established. Cost damping, if it exists, affects both the forecasting of demand and our understanding of behaviour. This paper aims to investigate the evidence for cost and time damping in rail demand using aggregate rail ticket sales data. The rail ticket sales data in Britain has, for many years, formed the basis of analysis of a wide range of impacts of rail demand. It records the number of tickets sold between station pairs, and it is generally felt to provide a reasonably accurate reflection of travel demand. However, the consistency of these direct demand models with choice modelling and highway demand model structures has not been investigated. Rail direct demand models estimated by ticket sales data indicate only slight variation in the fare elasticity with distance, as is evidenced in the largest meta-analysis of price elasticities conducted to date (Wardman in J Transp Econ Policy 48(3):367–384, 2014). This study of UK elasticities shows strong variation between urban and inter-urban trips, presumably a segmentation at least in part by purpose, but less remaining variation by trip length. A lack of variation by length supports the hypothesis of cost damping, because constant cost sensitivity would imply that fare elasticity would increase strongly with distance, because of the increasing impact of higher fares at longer distances. In this paper we indicate that rail direct demand models have some consistency of behavioural paradigm with utility based choice models used in highway planning. We go on to use rail demand data to estimate time and fare elasticities in the context of various cost damping functions. Our empirical contribution is to estimate time elasticities on a basis directly comparable with cost elasticities and to show that the phenomenon of cost damping is strongly present in ticket sales data. This finding implies that cost damping should be included in models intended for multimodal analysis, which may otherwise give incorrect predictions.     

Isolating high-priority metro and feeder bus transfers using smart card data

Fixed-rail metro (or ‘subway’) infrastructure is generally unable to provide access to all parts of the city grid. Consequently, feeder bus lines are an integral component of urban mass transit systems. While passengers prefer a seamless transfer between these two distinct transportation services, each service’s operations are subject to a different set of factors that contribute to metro-bus transfer delay. Previous attempts to understand transfer delay were limited by the availability of tools to measure the time and cost associated with passengers’ transfer experience. This paper uses data from smart card systems, an emerging technology that automatically collects passenger trip data, to understand transfer delay. The primary objective of this study is to use smart card data to derive a reproducible methodology that isolates high priority transfer points between the metro system and its feeder-bus systems. The paper outlines a methodology to identify transfer transactions in the smart card dataset, estimate bus headways without the aid of geographic location information, estimate three components of the total transfer time (walking time, waiting time, and delay time), and isolate high-priority transfer pairs. The paper uses smart card data from Nanjing, China as a case study. The results isolate eight high priority metro-bus transfer pairs in the Nanjing metro system and finally, offers several targeted measures to improve transfer efficiency.     

真空预压软基处理工程监测

介绍真空预压软基处理工程中一些常用的监测手段及监测方法.结合工程实例,通过综合运用表层沉降监测、孔隙水压力监测、分层沉降监测、地下水位观测等手段,分析真空预压软土地基处理方法的加固效果,可供软土地基处理设计与施工参考.     

古石背隧道岩溶段的综合治理

溶洞洞穴的存在易造成隧道围岩塌陷压垮二衬或悬空造成开裂等病害,给隧道施工、运营安全造成威胁。针对古石背隧道施工在隧道拱顶、侧面、拱脚、仰拱底部等位置出现岩溶洞穴的情况,根据溶洞对隧道不同影响和施工条件,采用了清除充填物、回填片石夯实或砼、注浆加固填充物、钢筋砼护拱、钢筋砼板跨越、封闭地表塌陷、疏排地表水等综合治理措施,施工结果表明治理是成功的。     

超宽带雷达和高功率微波武器一体化设计

介绍具有武器效应雷达的研究现状;分析超宽带雷达（UWBR）和高功率微波武器（HPMW）的组成、基本原理,总结两者的异同点;结合国内外现有技术成果,探讨UWBR和HPMW一体化设计的可行性及发展趋势;参照数字阵列雷达,构想出一种UWBR和HPMW一体化概念设计结构图。     

合成孔径雷达的发展现状和趋势

合成孔径雷达作为一种高分辨率雷达,已成为军事侦察和环境监测的重要工具,日益受到各国的重视。简要说明合成孔径雷达的应用特点,从星载SAR和机载SAR两个方面分析了合成孔径雷达的发展现状,在此基础上讨论合成孔径雷达的发展趋势。     

基于WVD和Hough变换二值积累的信号检测方法

WVD-Hough变换是检测多分量线性调频信号的有力工具,但当多分量线性调频信号能量相差较大时,采用WVD-Hough变换进行检测,就会导致强信号对应峰值的平台将弱信号所对应的峰值掩盖掉。虽然可以通过基于＂CLEAN＂思想的算法将信号一一检测出来,但带来的计算量急剧增大。为此在WVD-Hough变换的基础上提出了基于WVD-Hough变换的二值积累方法,该方法可以同时检测出强信号以及被强信号平台掩盖的弱信号,具有很大的实用价值,仿真的结果验证了算法的有效性。     

面元法预估导管螺旋桨水动力性能的一种新方法

采用一种新的方法预估导管螺旋桨的水动力性能;导管和螺旋桨均采用基于速度势的面元法,它们间的影响通过相互的诱导速度势数值迭代来体现．与诱导速度体现相互影响的方法相比,本文方法可节省编程及计算时间;对JD系列导管螺旋桨的计算与实验结果的比较表明,该方法可以有效地预估导管螺旋桨的水动力性能．     

透明自清洁涂层的制备与表征

通过分散纳米二氧化硅以及表面接枝后的纳米二氧化硅颗粒与环氧树脂开环反应,从而使玻璃表面植入纳米二氧化硅,经全氟硅氧烷改性后,能制备出具有较高的静止接触角与较低的滚动角的自清洁涂层：接触角高达168,°滚动角为11.8°.采用SEM与AFM对涂层形貌分析,结果表明表面的粗糙尺度小于可见光的波长.因此,该自清洁涂层具有高透明度,可见光透光率可达99%.     

基于SCV64的VME总线系统研究

本文介绍了利用SCV64将Intel微处理器应用于VME总线系统时SCV64与Intel微处理器连接所需要的外部控制逻辑,并对其中的本地仲裁模块、中断处理模块、总线周期控制模块进行了具体的分析和设计,给出了引脚连接图和逻辑设计过程。仿真结果表明了设计的可行性。