The impact of activity chaining on the duration of daily activities

There is a broad body of theoretical and empirical literature dealing with trip chaining behaviour. This paper adds to the literature while focusing on the impact of activity chaining on the duration of time spent on individual purposes. Two questions in particular are addressed: first, does an additional purpose added to a trip chain affect the duration of the activities included? Second, is there any pattern of included activities that explains differences in duration? Duration data models are employed using German data. We find evidence that the number of purposes influences duration significantly. Leisure, shopping and personal business activities are affected by the occurrence of obligatory activities (work, school/university). We cannot find any evidence that personal business or leisure activities influence the duration of shopping, whereas the opposite is supported. Therefore, in terms of daily activities, obligatory and shopping activities are superior to leisure and personal business. We conclude that activity chaining and especially the pattern of combined purposes affect the duration of activities allocated to single purposes while controlling for a wide range of other explanatory variables. The results can be used in transport and simulation models.     

用Rankine波幅函数预报高速三体／五体船主体与侧体的兴波阻力干扰

基于兴波阻力的薄船理论,作者曾提出用兰金体波幅函数(RWAF)代替实际船型的波幅函数,确定了高速双体船片体间的阻力干扰因子,从而可计算得到双体船的兴波阻力.本文将该方法用于高速三体船侧体与主体之间的兴波阻力干扰计算,以探讨主、侧体尺度及相对位置变化对于兴波阻力干扰因子τO、τOM的影响及其变化规律.基于这一研究结果,可实现用单体船阻力的实验资料,经过侧体、主体间的兴波干扰影响理论修正,来估算高速三体船的阻力;同时可用于对于最小阻力三体船片体尺度与布局之优化.     

产品平台思想——把其他行业成功的思想引入到铁道车辆制造行业

概述了在铁道车辆制造领域引入产品平台这一生产管理思想，分析了从汽车领域引入标准化加工的可能性，阐述了铁道车辆工业开始运用的情况，并介绍了一个功能强大的IT弹性开发工具，利用该工具，可允许按照用户的特殊要求，对完全参数化的车辆模型进行快速修改，并可使用标准化的程序，生产出适应用户有特殊要求的车辆。     

Design and Evaluation of Robust Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Systems in Parameter Space

This paper is on the design of cooperative adaptive cruise control systems for automated driving of platoons of vehicles in the longitudinal direction. Longitudinal models of vehicles with simple dynamics, an uncertain first order time constant and vehicle to vehicle communication with a communication delay are used in the vehicle modeling. A robust parameter space approach is developed and applied to the design of the cooperative adaptive cruise control system. D-stability is chosen as the robust performance goal and the feedback PD controller is designed in controller parameter space to achieve this D-stability goal for a range of possible longitudinal dynamics time constants and different values of time gap. Preceding vehicle acceleration is sent to the ego vehicle using vehicle to vehicle communication and a feedforward controller is used in this inter-vehicle loop to improve performance. Simulation results of an eight vehicle platoon of heterogeneous vehicles are presented and evaluated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design method. Also, the proposed method is compared with a benchmark controller and the feedback only controller. Time gap regulation and string stability are used to assess performance and the effect of the vehicle to vehicle communication frequency on control system performance is also investigated.     

In-situ measurement of loading stresses with X-ray diffraction for yield locus determination

The application of the X-ray diffraction method is introduced to solve the problem of inhomogeneous deformation fields in the specimens used for sheet metal characterization. In this method, strains are measured on one side of a specimen with optical measurement systems. On the other side, loading stresses on a specimen are captured with an X-ray diffractometer mounted on a universal testing machine. By this way, the whole stress-strain history of a material point is tracked during testing. The method was first applied to uniaxial tension tests, whereby the applicability of the theory of stress factors and effective X-ray elastic constants were tested. The relaxation behavior of a sheet material which shows itself as stress drops during in-situ experimentation was characterized and compensated by a visco-plastic material model for different stress states. The proposed method was applied to characterize aluminum alloy AA5182 under plane strain tension and shear conditions and the results were compared with the conventionally obtained yield locus. Numerical analyses of a workpiece with the Vegter and Yld2000-2D material models show that the enriched yield locus definition with accurate plane strain tension and shear stresses captures the experimentally obtained surface strains more precisely.     

Do the selected Trans European transport investments pass the cost benefit test?

This paper assesses the economic justification for the selection of priority projects defined under the auspices of the Trans-European transport network. Three different transport models are used to analyse the costs and benefits associated with the current list of 30 priority projects. Most of these projects fail the cost-benefit test and few of the economically justifiable projects would need European subsidies to ensure their viability. Two remedies are proposed to minimise the inefficiencies surrounding project selection. The first remedy would oblige each member state or group of states to perform a cost-benefit analysis, followed by peer review and ensure that the results were published publicly prior to the ranking of federally funded priority projects. The second remedy would require federal funding to be made available only for projects with important spillovers to other countries in order to avoid pork barrel political behaviour.     

新型相变水泥砂浆热力学性能研究

为降低温度变化对隧道水泥砂浆材料强度和变形的影响，在隧道工程中引入具有自调温能力的相变材料，制备成相变材料水泥砂浆。首先,将石蜡、高密度聚乙烯和膨胀石墨熔融共混，获得复合相变材料；然后，掺入水泥砂浆中，得到新型相变水泥砂浆。通过搭建热响应测试平台，分析其热应变随温度变化规律，评估其蓄热性能,并对比得出相变材料对不同水灰比砂浆试样的热力学性能影响。结果表明： 复合相变水泥砂浆能发挥相变材料的蓄热性能，其相变潜热为34.82 J/g，热应变比普通水泥砂浆材料最大降低36.63%。相变材料的掺入有效降低了试样的表面温度和热应变，这对改善水泥砂浆材料的温度变形及控制裂缝的发展具有重要作用，可为能源地铁隧道及其裂缝修复等提供新型材料。     

The bicycle-train travellers in the Netherlands: personal profiles and travel choices

Transportation - The Netherlands seems to exhibit the unique conditions that allow cycling on the country level instead of only the city level. Moreover, the national transit system seemingly...     

Second international conference on new survey methods in transport Hungerford Hill,Australia 12–16 September 1983

The Second International Conference on New Survey Methods in Transport was held at Hungerford Hill, Australia in September 1983. The aims of the conference were to provide a focus for discussion of survey methodology and to establish bench‐marks with respect to the state of the art in various facets of transport surveys. The conference evolved around workshops in twelve key areas: sample design, survey needs for modelling, questionnaire design and piloting, perceptual studies, diary surveys, longitudinal studies, interactive survey methods, freight surveys, traffic surveys, total design concepts, response errors and data correction, and coding and computing.

A number of plenary keynote papers were also presented describing the state of the art in cross‐sectional, longitudinal and interactive survey methods. Emerging from the conference discussions, six key issues were prominent; the gap between the state of the art, as espoused by researchers, and the state of practice, as employed by practioners; the differences in results obtained when employing different survey methods to collect essentially the same data; the emerging use of the telephone for the conduct of interview travel surveys; the interaction between survey methods and demand modelling and the disparate levels of sophistication in the two areas; the role of microcomputers in the design, conduct and analysis of transport surveys; and the need for practitioners to engage in controlled experimentation, so that methodological advances may continue to be made in the field of transport surveys.