A simulation‐based reliability assessment approach for congested transit network

This paper is an attempt to develop a generic simulation‐based approach to assess transit service reliability, taking into account interaction between network performance and passengers' route choice behaviour. Three types of reliability, say, system wide travel time reliability, schedule reliability and direct boarding waiting‐time reliability are defined from perspectives of the community or transit administration, the operator and passengers. A Monte Carlo simulation approach with a stochastic user equilibrium transit assignment model embedded is proposed to quantify these three reliability measures of transit service. A simple transit network with a bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor is analysed as a case study where the impacts of BRT components on transit service reliability are evaluated preliminarily.     

Ecology of bottom ice algae: II. Dynamics, distributions and productivity

Spring blooms of bottom ice algae are a common feature of landfast congelation ice in polar regions. Because ice algae are usually associated with a substrate, their population dynamics can be followed with considerable confidence. Although ice algal dynamics are closely related to irradiance, their dynamics and distributions are influenced by other abiotic and biotic factors. Ice algal abundance varies horizontally over all scales examined. Factors such as grazing and nutrient availability may contribute to local and geographic differences. Loss terms for most sea ice assemblages are largely unquantified. Ice algal biomass is most concentrated near the ice-water interface in spring.Environmental factors affecting ice algal abundance and productivity are considered here, emphasizing recent results from several well-studied sites. Biomass accumulation, growth rates and productivity have been documented for spring blooms of bottom interstitial and sub-ice assemblages. On an areal basis biomass accumulation in bottom ice assemblages can be comparable with planktonic systems. At low ambient temperatures and irradiances average specific growth rates (≤ 0.25 d⁻¹) and production rates (≤ 1.0 mg C mg Chl⁻¹ h⁻¹) for ice algae are low. Current methods of measuring productivity are compared. Results are consistently low but variable with little systematic difference among them. At present, apparent differences in productivity between bottom ice assemblages in the Arctic and Antarctic, or among different antarctic assemblages, are so confounded by methodological and other sources of variability that no firm differences can be detected.     

科隆-莱茵/美因高速铁路新线试运行 --另一角度论系统工程的挑战与成就

只有采用新一代列车才能实现科隆-莱茵/美因新建高速铁路线上科隆至法兰克福两大都市间运行时间缩短1/2的商业目标.而要实现这一商业目标,并且要与环境协调,唯一途径是选择紧靠既有"A3"高速公路的线路.由此提出的列车、轨道、指挥与控制系统工程项目,以及投入运用与审批程序,均对新线的开发与整个系统工程的完成构成了一大挑战.     

Law enforcement in the ocean

The combating of the present great variety of criminal activities occurring at sea mainly involves measures to be taken on land, in particular in ports.However, also actual enforcement at sea will continue to play an essential (complementary) role. This article surveys the rules of international law governing law enforcement measures at sea. These rules are complex, because distinctions have to be made between the various jurisdictional zones at sea and between the positions of the flag state, the coastal state and the port state. Traditionally, ships in the high seas (all sea areas beyond a narrow band of territorial sea) were under the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag state. In an increasing number of situations, the coastal state now has law enforcement authority over foreign ships in expanded areas up to 200 nautical miles offshore. But apart from these situations, flag state jurisdiction still prevails beyond the territorial sea. This makes effective law enforcement difficult. In practice, many obstacles can be overcome by making more effective use of the authority of the port state, and by concluding new international agreements providing for specific enforcement systems.     

用串联连接的电压源PWM变频器抑制变压器冲击电流的方法

提出了抑制变压器冲击电流的新方法.小功率电压源PWM变频器通过匹配的变压器与其他变压器串联.当接通的PWM变频器为阻性时,没有冲击现象发生.单相电路中,电流冲击时充当阻尼电阻的PWM变频器的额定功率为主变压器的14%,而在三相电路中为19%.利用PSCAD/EMTDC技术数字计算机仿真无法确定该方法的有效性和良好的实用性.研制了一台试验样机进行试验,结果证实所提出的方法可以完全避免冲击现象的发生.     

基于氯离子分布的氯离子渗透参数计算的新方法

根据混凝土中氯离子的分布对氯离子侵入性能进行评价时,混凝土粉末样品的采集,氯离子含量的测试和表达方式,均可对评价结果产生影响。在干湿循环条件下,以理论上的表面氯离子浓度为主要评价参数对氯离子的渗透性能进行评价的方法不尽合理。通过对暴露26年后的青岛北海船厂码头中大量的混凝土芯样中氯离子分布的分析和计算,结合其它文献中氯离子分布的数据,提出了以扩散区与对流区界面为扩散表面,以界面处的氯离子浓度为扩散表面浓度,评价氯离子侵入性能和进行寿命预测的方法。     

Modelling and Control of an Automated Vehicle

We present a vehicle model that includes the vehicle dynamics and a vehicle tire model. The model developed is then used for conducting steering analysis of an automated vehicle. We test the developed model on a step lane change maneuver and propose a model-reference based controller for remote control of a vehicle. Stability analysis of the closed-loop system using die Lyapunov approach is included.     

双层客车用中频电位隔离的电源

德国铁路公司新双层客车从2004年起使用创新的电源.用中频电位隔离的高压逆变器取代至今用16.7 Hz单相变压器的由1 000 V列车母线供电的一般技术.采用这种创新电源可减轻重量并有其他技术优点.     

A capacity related reliability for transportation networks

A capacity related reliability for transportation networks with random link capacity is introduced. It is defined as the probability that the road network can accommodate a certain level of traffic demand, and is built on the concept of network reserve capacity. Network reserve capacity is defined as the largest multiplier applied to an existing origin-destination demand matrix that can be allocated to a transportation network in a user-optimal way without violating the link capacities. Due to large variability associated with link capacities, a probabilistic approach is adopted to model the different physical and operational factors that often degrade the capacity of roadways. A Monte Carlo simulation procedure is developed to estimate the capacity related reliability measure. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.