Optimal Control Model Applications and Field Measurements with Respect to Car Driving

The well-known optimal control model has been applied only rarely to car driving, although its structure suits the modelling demands of driving by allowing for a multitask application and providing possibilities for the evaluation of driving in terms of supervisory control. Two series of Supervisory Driver Model predictions are stated for lateral position control in a straight driving scenario with disturbances generated internally by the driver. The first series of model calculations predicts lateral position variations and the time that a driver's vision can be occluded during the observation and control of different combinations of display variables (lateral position, lateral speed, yaw rate, lateral acceleration and yaw acceleration). The second series of predictions concerns two extreme sets of display variables in relation to driving speed and driving experience. Model predictions for the observation and control of all display variables give occlusion times which correspond with data from instrumented car studies with experienced drivers. However, with exclusive observation and control of the lateral position cue, predicted occlusion times are less than found in experimental results of inexperienced drivers. It is suggested that inexperienced drivers are also controlling yaw rate and/or both acceleration cues.     

On the semantic scale problem in stated preference rating experiments

Stated preference (SP) rating experiments are easy to design and conduct. Furthermore, they constitute a generalisation of SP choice experiments in terms of the information about preferences that can be achieved. However, its results are sensitive to the numerical values assigned by the analyst to the semantic scale used by individuals to express their preferences. We consider this problem in depth using a variety of statistical techniques, including ordinal probit and a novel optimal scale linear regression approach.     

青藏线生活污水处理技术试验研究

青藏线地处青藏高原，生态环境十分脆弱，污水排放要求高。因为高寒缺氧，污水温度低，限制了生物法在污水处理中的应用，需要研究适应青藏线情况的污水处理的新技术和工艺。根据青藏线类比水质检测情况和设计要求，采用了化学混凝膜过滤加催化电氧化的物化工艺流程进行现场试验。结果表明，处理后的污水水质达到了CJ3020-93《生活饮用水水源水质标准》二级标准。     

Measuring inefficiency in the Norwegian bus industry using multi-directional efficiency analysis

This paper deals with methods of measuring and analyzing efficiency in the transport industry. The aim of the paper is to introduce and demonstrate the advantages of Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis (MEA) in the case of cost data with limited substitution possibilities. For this purpose we reconsider the Norwegian bus data that has previously been analyzed using econometric models and Data Envelopment Analysis; Jørgensenet al. (1995, 1997) and Odeck and Alkadi (2001). It is shown how, using MEA, it becomes possible to disaggregate inefficiency into different components corresponding to different types of cost generating variables and thereby providing both managers of the bus companies and policy makers with more detailed information on possible improvements in performance.     

On the Theory of Nonlinear Dynamics and its Applications in Vehicle Systems Dynamics

We present a brief outline of nonlinear dynamics and its applications to vehicle systems dynamics problems. The concept of a phase space is introduced in order to illustrate the dynamics of nonlinear systems in a way that is easy to perceive. Various equilibrium states are defined, and the important case of multiple equilibrium states and their dependence on a parameter is discussed. It is argued that the analysis of nonlinear dynamic problems always should start with an analysis of the equilibrium states of the full nonlinear problem whereby great care must be taken in the choice of the numerical solvers. When the equilibrium states are known certain linearizations around one chosen state may be applied carefully in order to facilitate or speed up the numerical solution of the dynamical problem. It is argued, however, that certain problems cannot be linearized. The applications of nonlinear dynamics in vehicle simulations is discussed, and it is argued that it is necessary to know the equilibrium states of the full nonlinear system before the simulation calculations are performed.     

The Influence of In-Plane Tyre Dynamics on ABS Braking of a Quarter Vehicle Model

For efficient analysis it is important to choose the proper model that fits the problem that needs to be solved. This paper discusses three pragmatic simulation models for longitudinal behaviour of a passenger car tyre (Steady State, Transient and Rigid Ring) that may be used in e.g. an ABS simulation. The characteristics of the simulation models are evaluated using some simple simulations. Simulations with a quarter vehicle model that includes load transfer effects are carried out to determine the deviation in results between the mentioned tyre models for an ABS application. The results show that the Steady State model may only be used below 10 Hz and that the Transient model is valid up to about 30 Hz. The results from the ABS simulation with the Rigid Ring model are most reliable and are clearly different from the Steady State and Transient model, which indicates that ABS simulations should be carried out with the Rigid Ring model. Additionally it is demonstrated that for tyre behaviour on uneven roads the influence of the tyre belt cannot be neglected.     

预应力混凝土斜拉桥悬臂施工的拉索式长挂篮新构思

在预应力混凝土斜拉桥主梁的悬臂施工中 ,经常遇到在浇注混凝土过程中发现标高误差无法调整这一难题 ,介绍了拉索式长挂篮的新构思 ,即将挂篮设计成简支受力结构。拉索式长挂篮由贝雷桁架片、万能杆件以及非标构件组合在一起 ,利用贝雷片用销子连接存在间隙的特点 ,实现上述构思。该挂篮经过一大跨预应力混凝土斜拉桥的施工应用 ,取得了良好的效果 ,主要介绍这一挂篮的结构设计与使用情况。     

隧道用混凝土耐久性问题

隧道中混凝土常受到侵蚀性地下水的侵蚀面破坏，分析了侵蚀的原因和机理，提出了提高隧道混凝土耐久性的措施。     

基于循环分辨分析的湍流特征参数计算法

采用不同的孔板结构和不同的驱动电机转速在定容燃烧弹内生成具有不同的湍流特性参数的气流 ,并用热线风速仪进行了测量。在循环分辨分析的基础上 ,计算分析了它们各自的湍流强度、积分时间尺度和时频谱密度。结果表明 ,电机转速越大 ,孔板总通孔面积越小 ,则湍流越强 ,积分时间尺度越小 ;对于不同的孔板结构和电机转速 ,湍流能量分布明显不同。     

The ‘safety in density’ effect for cyclists and motor vehicles in Scandinavia: An observational study

Safety in density (SID) potentially explains the safety in numbers (SIN) phenomenon by positing that ‘the SIN effect can be reproduced simply through encouraging behaviour that leads to the formation of higher-density cyclist groups’. The study further explores this hypothesis using event-based exposure, queues and groups of road users. Using three different definitions of encounters between road users, these were manually counted at signalized intersections, and their relationship to traffic volume was assessed. Based only on the frontmost motor vehicle in a queue and one cyclist among the several passing in front of that vehicle, the results show a less than linear relationship between meetings and traffic volume. An increase in the number of cyclists entails a general increase in cyclists passing in front of each motor vehicle, and an increase in motor vehicles increases queue lengths. However, crash data from the Swedish accident database (STRADA) show that it is exceedingly rare for multiple cyclists to be injured in the same crash. Together with results from a crash-encounter model, this suggests that the SID hypothesis may help to explain SIN