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11.
ABSTRACTThe advent of the autonomous vehicle (AV) will affect not only the transportation system, but also future patterns of land development. Integrated land use and transportation models will be critical tools in assessing the path forward with this technology. Key questions with respect to land use impacts of AVs arise from potential changes in sensitivity to travel and reduced demand for parking. It is an open question whether AVs will induce urban sprawl, or whether spatial economies of agglomeration will mitigate any reductions in travel time sensitivity. The deployment of shared fleets of AVs would likely reduce parking demand, producing yet to be explored impacts on property development within existing urban footprints. We perform a critical assessment of currently operational models and their ability to represent the adoption of AVs. We identify the representation of time in such models as a vital component requiring additional development to model this new technology. Existing model applications have focused on the discrete addition of new infrastructure or policy at a fixed point in time, whereas AV adoption will occur incrementally through time. Stated adaptation surveys are recommended as tools to quantify preferences and develop relevant model inputs. It is argued that existing models that assume comparatively static equilibrium have been convenient in the past, but are insufficient to model technology adoption. In contrast, dynamic model frameworks lack sufficient structure to maintain reasonability under large perturbations from base conditions. The ongoing advancement of computing has allowed models to move away from being mechanistic aggregate tools, towards behaviourally rich depictions of individual persons and firms. However, much work remains to move from projections of existing conditions into the future, to the evolution of the spatial economy as it evolves through time in response to new technologies and exogenous stresses. Principles from complex and evolutionary systems theory will be important in the development of models with the capacity to consider such dynamics. 相似文献
12.
The time-series of remote-sensed surface chlorophyll concentration measured by SeaWiFS radiometer from September 1997 to December 2001 and the relevant hydrological and meteorological factors (remote-sensed sea surface temperature, atmospheric precipitation, air temperature and wind stress) in Santa Monica Bay and adjacent waters off southern California were analyzed using wavelet and cross-correlation statistical methods. All parameters exhibited evident seasonal patterns of variation. Wavelet analysis revealed salient long-term variations most evident in air temperature during El Niño 1997–1998 and in wind stress during La Niña 1998–1999. Short-period (<100 days) variations of remote-sensed chlorophyll biomass were mostly typical to spring seasons. Chlorophyll biomass was significantly correlated with air temperature and wind stress: an increase of chlorophyll biomass followed with 5–6-day time lag an increase of wind stress accompanied by a simultaneous decrease of air temperature. The mechanism of these variations was an intensification of phytoplankton growth resulting from the mixing of water column by wind stress and entrainment of nutrients into the euphotic layer. 相似文献
13.
本文采用半约束模型试验技术,对一条高速船在规则波中随浪和斜浪工况进行了流体动力系列试验,以探讨航运的安全性,验证作用于船体上波浪力的估算方法。对每次试验,以波动方程的形式采用数值估算方法确定环绕船模的波浪运动的时间历程。并用同样的方法从测量数据中提取垂荡和纵摇与模型测量运动,一阶波导纵荡、横荡作用力和首摇力矩。因此合理比较理论计算的波浪力与力矩的时间历程成为可能。这表明SSPA海事动力学的研究所(MDL)模型试验设施可以提供高质量的测量,与所述计算方法结合起来可用来验证理论计算和建立半经验方法。 相似文献
14.
锰对工人血清胆碱酯酶活性和尿香草扁桃酸含量的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
为探讨职业性锰暴露对工人血清胆碱酯酶活性和尿香草扁桃酸(VMA)水平的影响,对55名锰粉加工工人、55名冶炼工人和55名对照工人进行了调查.结果显示,锰粉加工作业环境空气锰尘中MnO2几何均数为1.96 mg/m3(0.17~22.24mg/m3),样品超标率为88.9%;冶炼作业环境空气锰烟尘中MnO2几何均值为0.65 mg/m3(0.06~6.67mg/m3),样品超标率为93.3%.锰粉加工和冶炼组头晕头痛、睡眠障碍的主诉率明显高于对照组(P<0.01),锰粉加工组血清胆碱酯酶活性明显增高(P<0.05),提示这可能是锰的早期神经毒性所致. 相似文献
15.
Michael C. Ircha 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2006,5(1):37-59
Cross-cultural interaction is growing in our global economy. Expanding maritime trade in ports around the world reinforces
the need for standardized training and education to cope with new global technologies and logistics systems. Working, studying
and interacting in cross-cultural settings can lead to problems of misunderstandings and misinterpretations among people having
different worldviews. 相似文献
16.
17.
Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:
- admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
- admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.
18.
王渤洪 《变流技术与电力牵引》2005,(1):43-48
西班牙铁路(RENFE)从2004年起将获得16组Velare E电动车组.这些电动车组是按欧洲铁路通用性规定设计的目前世界上最现代的高速列组.在最大坡道为25‰和海拔高1 200 m的线路上列车要以350 km/h高速运行,对其电气设备提出了很高要求.文章详细介绍了设计和实现这些电气系统及部件时必须重视和满足的要求. 相似文献
19.
著名的莆田祥应庙前身是当地白杜方氏家族专用的祠堂.庙里供奉的神灵显惠侯,当地的百姓把他视为农业生产及生命财产的保护神,同时,他也是航海者信奉的神灵.本文作者以周尾和朱纺这两人出海之前均到该庙膜拜的典型事例,分析指出上述二人的出海经商与白杜方氏家族存在着直接关系,可能是受雇于当时既从事农业又涉猎海上贸易的白杜方氏家族,因此宋时显惠侯只是一个地方性的神灵,只对某一部分人提供某些特定的庇护,并不具有普遍意义. 相似文献
20.
Patterns in diversity and community structure of epipelagic copepods from the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence area, south-western Atlantic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Diversity and structure of epipelagic copepod communities were investigated using 70 zooplankton samples collected from the top 50 m of the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence area between 35° and 55°S. Biogeographic patterns were investigated using multivariate analysis. Biodiversity patterns were examined using different univariate indexes. Representatives of 35 species of copepods from 23 genera and 13 families were found. Two zones were delimited based on their copepod composition, one in the subtropical waters of the Brazil current, and the other in the subantarctic waters of the Malvinas current. Both environments displayed contrasting patterns of biodiversity depending upon which element is measured (regional species richness as well as mean point species richness were significantly higher in the subtropical group of stations, whereas taxonomic distinctness was significantly higher in the subantarctic community). Based on these contrasting results, we suggest the use of both kind of indexes when defining priority areas for conservation. 相似文献