桥梁支座典型病害分析及对策

随着桥梁建设的飞速发展和荷载等级的不断提高,支座也被广泛地使用于桥梁中,同时也出现了支座使用、安装和耐久性问题等等,这些问题都是影响结构安全性和耐久性的重要因素,需要通过科学手段、方法加以诊断、评价。     

二尖瓣脱垂综合征患者QT离散度分析

测定了30例二尖瓣脱垂综合征伴室性心律失常患者的QTd。结果发现，二尖瓣脱垂组QTd、QTcd、JTd显著延长，说明心室肌复极有局部的不均一性和电不稳定性，离散度与室性心律失常的发生密切相关，可能是室性心律失常发生的机理之一。QTd不仅能预测室性心律失常及猝死，而且能指导临床用药，是一很好的临床观察指标。     

结合均值导纳法的声呐腔自噪声统计能量分析

讨论了湍流边界层激励下声呐腔自噪声统计能量分析.采用圆柱一圆板组合结构模拟艏部声呐罩,重点讨论了湍流边界层输入功率计算,及利用均值导纳法求解多耦合结构之间的直接耦合损耗因子及间接耦合损耗因子,给出了详细的理论推导,最后给出了具体的算例.分析结果可作为湍流边界层激励下声呐腔自噪声工程估算的参考.     

Optimal tolls for multi-class traffic: Analytical formulations and policy implications

This paper puts together an analytical formulation to compute optimal tolls for multi-class traffic. The formulation is comprised of two major modules. The first one is an optimization component aimed at computing optimal tolls assuming a Stackelberg game in which the toll agency sets the tolls, and the equilibrating traffic plays the role of the followers. The optimization component is supported by a set of cost models that estimate the externalities as a function of a multivariate vector of traffic flows. These models were estimated using Taylor series expansions of the output obtained from traffic simulations of a hypothetical test case. Of importance to the paper is the total travel time function estimated using this approach that expresses total travel time as a multivariate function of the traffic volumes. The formulation presented in the paper is then applied to a variety of scenarios to gain insight into the optimality of current toll policies. The optimal tolls are computed for two different cases: independent tolls, and tolls proportional to passenger car equivalencies (PCE).The numerical results clearly show that setting tolls proportional to PCEs leads to lower values of welfare that are on average 15% lower than when using independent tolls, though, in some cases the total welfare could be up to 33% lower. This is a consequence of two factors. First, the case of independent tolls has more degrees of freedom than the case of tolls proportional to PCEs. Second, tolls proportional to PCEs do not account for externalities other than congestion, which is likely to lead to lower welfare values.The analytical formulations and numerical results indicate that, because the total travel time is a non-linear function of the traffic volumes, the marginal social costs and thus the optimal congestion tolls also depend on the traffic volumes for each vehicle class. As a result of this, for the relatively low volumes of truck traffic observed in real life, the optimal congestion tolls for trucks could indeed be either lower or about the same as for passenger cars. This stand in sharp contrast with what is implied in the use of PCEs, i.e., that the contribution to congestion are constant. This latter assumption leads to optimal truck congestion tolls that are always proportional to the PCE values.The comparison of the toll ratios (truck tolls divided by passenger car tolls) for both observed and optimal conditions suggests that the tolls for small trucks are about the right level, maybe a slightly lower than optimal. However, the analysis of the toll ratio for large trucks seems to indicate a significant overcharge. The estimates show that the average observed toll ratio for large trucks is even higher than the maximum optimal toll ratio found in the numerical experiments. This suggests that the tolls for large trucks are set on the basis of revenue generation principles while the passenger car tolls are being set based on a mild form of welfare maximization. This leads to a suboptimal cross-subsidization of passenger car traffic in detriment of an important sector of the economy.     

Review and assessment of the nested logit model

The popular hierarchical or nested logit model that has been the recent source of heated discussions in the literature is reviewed and critically examined. The fundamental underpinnings of the model are first presented in a concise and easy-to-understand fashion and then used to assess each controversy in turn. Monte Carlo simulation is also used to examine some problems that are not possible to address by just resorting to the theory. The main conclusion is that all the model hypotheses are both essential and unambiguous and should not be ignored for a correct use of the model in practice.     

The external cost of speed at sea: An analysis based on selected short sea shipping routes

According to the mid-term review of the EU White Paper on Transport, Short Sea Shipping (SSS) is expected to grow at a rate of 59% (metric tonnes) between 2000 and 2020. If we consider that the overall expected increase in both freight exchanges and volume is 50%, sea transport is one of the most feasible alternatives to reduce traffic congestion on European roads. Maritime transportation may compete with road transport as far as certain traffics are concerned, but only when assuming external costs. This paper analyzes several intermodal transport chains involving a sea leg by comparing the effect of pollutant emissions from different ship types and road transport in terms of potential external cost savings. The translation of these emissions into environmental costs shows, for certain conditions, savings in the case of sea transport that would justify the use of an environmental bonus to promote the sea option.     

Carrier冷藏集装箱微电脑控制器常见故障及检测

本文阐述了Carrier冷藏集装箱微电脑控制器常见的不显示不工作,锂电池报警,供风、回风温度报警等故障的原因及检测方法.     

我国铁路货运集中化推进模式的研究

铁路广泛实行货运集中化,成为铁路运输组织现代化的主要发展趋势之一。在研究国内外铁路货运集中化的基础上,分析铁路货运集中化的经济效益,提出了我国实施铁路货运集中化的阶段推进模式。     

内河船舶垃圾接收处理问题探析

水环境治理长期存在着"守法成本高、执法成本高、违法成本低"的两高一低现象,本文针对船舶垃圾污染物接收过程存在的问题进行简要分析,并提出了相关建议,认为需要采用多管齐下的方法,明确船舶垃圾交付相关管理规定和收费标准,提高对船舶垃圾交付的现场监管力度,并对船主从经济角度给予实惠和执法上给予警示。