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21.
Julian Roberts 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2007,6(2):207-215
Projected reductions in the extent and thickness of the seaice cover in the Arctic Ocean could substantially benefit shipping,
perhaps opening the Arctic Ocean as a major trade route. However, despite the economic benefits of such changes, the emergence
of such a route through the Arctic Ocean presents a number of challenges to Arctic coastal States and policy makers in general.
Of particular concern is the potential for significant environmental damage. Historically, strong objections have been raised
over restrictions on navigation for environmental purposes, on the grounds that these run counter to the freedom of navigation
enshrined in international law. Notwithstanding this, a broad range of measures exist for those coastal States wishing to
address the threat from shipping. 相似文献