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Rail access to airports is becoming increasingly important for both train operators and the airports themselves. This paper reports analysis of inter-urban rail demand to and from Manchester and Stansted Airports and the sensitivity of this market segment to growth in air traffic and the cost and service quality of rail services. The estimated demand parameters vary in an expected manner between outward and inward air travellers as well as between airport users and general rail travellers. These parameters can be entered into the demand forecasting framework widely used in the rail industry in Great Britain to provide an appropriate means of forecasting for this otherwise neglected market segment. The novel features of this research, at least in the British context, are that it provides the first detailed analysis of aggregate rail flows to and from airports, it has disaggregated the traditional generalised time measure of rail service quality in order to estimate separate elasticities to journey time, service headway and interchange, and it has successfully explored departures from the conventional constant elasticity position. 相似文献
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铸铁件在现代汽车中的位置 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
铸铁是汽车四项主要构造材料之一,其重量份额一般居第二位,仅次于钢,而高于铝和塑料。铸铁具有资源、价格和铸造、切削工艺优势。铸铁技术开发已取得了重要进展,不断发展高强度品种,在摩擦磨损领域有优异的表现,此外在吸振性、密度、刚性、对温度的适应性和抗氧化起皮性能上,对各竞争材料有这一点或那一点的优势,能适应某种汽车零件的特定服役要求, 成为优选材料。本文分析若干汽车铸铁件应用实例和提出开发的潜力。 相似文献
288.
Neuro-Fuzzy Control of a Tracked Vehicle Featuring Semi-Active Electro-Rheological Suspension Units 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
S. B. Choi M. S. Suh D. W. Park M. J. Shin 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2001,35(3):141-162
This paper presents vibration control of a tracked vehicle installed with electro-rheological suspension units (ERSU). As a first step, an in-arm type ERSU is designed, and its spring and damping characteristics are evaluated with respect to the intensity of electric fields. Subsequently, a 16 degree-of-freedom model for a tracked vehicle equipped with the proposed ERSU is established followed by the formulation of a neuro-fuzzy controller. This controller takes account for both ride quality and steering stability by adopting a weighting parameter between two performance requirements. The parameter is appropriately determined by employing a fuzzy algorithm associated with two fuzzy variables: the vertical speed of the body and the rotational angular speed of the wheel. Control performances to isolate unwanted vibration from bump and random road excitations are evaluated through computer simulations. In addition, maximum speed of the vehicle with 6 Watt power absorption is investigated with respect to the road roughness. 相似文献
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H. E. Tseng 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2001,36(4):307-328
Road bank angles have a direct influence on vehicle dynamics and lateral acceleration measurement. A vehicle stability control system that knows road bank angle has an advantageous capability in achieving desired control sensitivities for maneuvers on ice and snow, among all surfaces, while avoiding false/nuisance activation on a banked road. Since neither lateral velocity nor road bank angle are directly measurable in current vehicle systems due to economical reasons, the major challenge is to differentiate the bias induced by road bank disturbances from actual effect of vehicle lateral dynamics in current measurements. This paper proposes a method of road bank estimation and provides theoretical background for the decoupling effort of lateral dynamics and road disturbances involved in bank estimation. 相似文献
290.
Simulation Tools, Modelling and Identification, for an Automotive Shock Absorber in the Context of Vehicle Dynamics 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Stefaan W. R. Duym 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2000,33(4):261-285
For purpose of simulation of vehicle dynamics, a physical model of an automotive shock absorber has been developed and implemented in several software packages for multibody simulations. In the present paper, the damper model structure is shortly elaborated together with some measurement and estimation techniques to retrieve the model parameters, possibly from dynamometer measurements only. These techniques are illustrated on a shock absorber normally used on the front suspension of a BMW series 7. 相似文献