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221.
C. H. Lee 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2017,18(2):317-325
CFD simulations of spray tip penetration with the standard KIVA3V, ‘original gas jet’ and ‘Normal gas jet profile with breakup length formula’ (NGJBL) spray models were performed to investigate the effects of nozzle orifice size and ambient gas density combinations on the spray penetration. The accuracy of the CFD simulation results was estimated by comparing them with available experimental data. The ambient gas density was varied in 12 kg/m3 intervals from 12 to 69 kg/m3 for each nozzle orifice diameter. The nozzle orifice diameters used were 119, 140, 183 and 206 mm. A total of 20 cases in the CFD simulations were considered with combinations of the 4 nozzle orifice diameters and 5 ambient gas densities. CFD simulations with the NGJBL spray model were more accurate than those with either the standard KIVA3V or gas jet spray models as the nozzle orifice diameter and ambient gas density was increased. The NGJBL and original gas jet model is more effective in predicting the spray tip penetration near the nozzle tip region. 相似文献
222.
This paper examines the location choice associated with discretionary activities (in-home vs. out-of-home). These substitution
patterns are important in terms of travel demand as in-home activities do not necessitate travel while out-of-home activities
incur travel. Mixed logit models are estimated using an activity dataset (2003 CHASE data) to analyze the factors associated
with this choice at the individual activity-level. Results suggest that the attributes of an activity significantly contribute
to understanding the likelihood of engaging in out-of-home activities. Activity type interaction terms reveal the varying
influence that socio-demographics, activity attributes and travel have over four different activity types modeled. The results
reveal that the location choice (in-home vs. out-of-home) is sensitive to travel characteristics. As the travel time and cost
increases, an individual is less likely to engage in an activity out-of-home. Compared to passive and social activities, the
location of active activities is more sensitive to changes in travel attributes. 相似文献
223.
Sandwich plate systems (SPS) are advanced materials that have begun to receive extensive attention in naval architecture and
ocean engineering. At present, according to the rules of classification societies, a mixture of shell and solid elements are
required to simulate an SPS. Based on the principle of stiffness decomposition, a new numerical simulation method for shell
elements was proposed. In accordance with the principle of stiffness decomposition, the total stiffness can be decomposed
into the bending stiffness and shear stiffness. Displacement and stress response related to bending stiffness was calculated
with the laminated shell element. Displacement and stress response due to shear was calculated by use of a computational code
write by FORTRAN language. Then the total displacement and stress response for the SPS was obtained by adding together these
two parts of total displacement and stress. Finally, a rectangular SPS plate and a double-bottom structure were used for a
simulation. The results show that the deflection simulated by the elements proposed in the paper is larger than the same simulated
by solid elements and the analytical solution according to Hoff theory and approximate to the same simulated by the mixture
of shell-solid elements, and the stress simulated by the elements proposed in the paper is approximate to the other simulating
methods. So compared with calculations based on a mixture of shell and solid elements, the numerical simulation method given
in the paper is more efficient and easier to do. 相似文献
224.
In order to improve the economical and environmental performances of the Diesel engines, the present paper aims to bring to the forefront solutions to increase the efficiency of the supercharging process carried out by the aggregates with Comprex type pressure waves. One solution to this is to drive the Comprex, not by the supercharged engine as it currently happens, but by a DC motor. The speed of the electric motor is modified, by means of an electronic management system, depending on the speed and load of the Diesel engine. The paper presents the experimental results obtained during the investigation of a supercharged Diesel engine by the Comprex driven type according to the proposed solution. 相似文献
225.
This paper proposes a new neuron control strategy for an active vehicle suspension system, with the emphasis on the study
of multivariable and uncertain suspension characteristics. The novelty of this strategy is in the use of integrated error,
which consists of multiple output errors in the regulated plant. By combining the integrated error approach with the traditional
neuron control (TNC), integrated error neuron control (IENC) is presented. It provides a direct control to the multiple outputs
of the control plant simultaneously. Taking a quarter-car model as an example, the proposed control strategy is applied and
comparative simulations are carried out with various vehicle parameters and road input conditions. Simulation results prove
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed IENC method. In addition, the newly proposed neuron scheme provides a simple
yet efficient new possibility for the control of a class of uncertain multivariable systems similar to an active vehicle suspension. 相似文献
226.
This paper describes the development of an optimal design process for a steering column system and supporting system. A design
guide is proposed at the initial concept stage of the development process to obtain sufficient stiffness of the steering system
while reducing the idle vibration sensitivity of the system. Case studies on resonance isolation are summarized, where vibration
modes among the systems are separated by applying a vibration mode map at the initial stage of the design process. This study
also provides design guidelines for an optimal dynamic damper system using a CAE (computer aided engineering) analysis. The
damper FE (finite element) model is added to the vehicle model to analyze the relation between the frequency and the sensitivity
of the steering column system. This analysis methodology makes it possible to achieve target performance in the early design
stage and reduction of damper tuning activity after the proto car test stage. Through the proposed steering column system
development process, a lightweight vehicle with high stiffness is possible prior to the proto build stage. Furthermore, the
improved process is expected to contribute to reducing the overall development period and the number of proto car tests necessary
to achieve the desired steering system performance. 相似文献
227.
This paper establishes the simulation model of a city bus on the basis of the EQ6110 bus prototype and its experimental data.
According to the actual urban driving cycle, the fuel economy and the traction performance of the EQ6110 city bus have been
simulated, and factors such as the driving cycle, the loss of power to engine accessories, the gear-shifting strategy, the
fuel shut-off strategy of the engine, etc., which influence on the bus’s fuel economy, are also quantitatively analyzed. Some
conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) driving cycles have a great influence on the fuel economy of a city bus; (2) under the
typical urban driving cycle of the public bus in China, the engine fuel shut-off strategy can save about 1 to 1.5 percent
of the fuel consumption; and (3) the optimized gear-shifting rules can save 6.7 percent of the fuel consumption. Experimental
results verify that the fuel economy for the EQ6110 public bus is improved by 7.2 pecent over the actual Wuhan urban driving
cycle of the current public bus in China. 相似文献
228.
This study summarizes engine speed and load effects on HC species emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCI)
and conventional diesel combustion, and it evaluates diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations on a gas flow reactor for
the purpose of diesel particulate filter regeneration or lean NOx trap desulfation. HC emissions are sampled simultaneously by a Tedlar bag for light HC species and by a Tenax TA™ adsorption
trap for semi-volatile HC species, and they are analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The bulk
temperature and residence time during combustion are key parameters that are important for understanding the effects of speed
and load on engine-out HC emissions. The degree of post-flame oxidation is higher in PCI than in conventional combustion,
and it is increased for PCI with a higher speed and load, as indicated by a lower fuel alkanes/THC ratio, a higher alkenes/fuel
alkanes ratio, and a higher methane/THC ratio. Ethene and n-undecane are two representative HC species, and they are used
as a surrogate mixture in the gas flow reactor to simulate PCI and conventional combustion with in-cylinder post fuel injection.
Among the three DOC formulations tested, the catalyst with constituent precious metals of platinum and palladium (PtPd) showed
the best light-off performance, followed by PtPd with an addition of cerium dioxide (PtPd+CeO2), and platinum (Pt), regardless of exhaust compositions. Conventional combustion exhaust composition shows a lower light-off
temperature than that of PCI, regardless of catalyst formulation. 相似文献
229.
This paper presents a fatigue design method for plug and ring type gas welded joints, which incorporates welding residual
stress effects. A non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) was first performed to simulate the gas welding process. The numerically
predicted residual stresses of the gas welds were then compared to experimental results measured using a hole drilling method.
In order to evaluate the fatigue strength of the plug and ring type gas welded joints, a stress amplitude (σ
a
)
R
taling the welding residual stress of the gas weld into account was introduced and is based on a modified Goodman equation
incorporating the effect of the residual stress. Using the stress amplitude (σ
a
)
R
, the ΔP-N
f
relations obtained from fatigue tests for plug and ring type gas welded joints having various dimensions and shapes were
systematically rearranged into (σ
a
)
R
-N
f
relations. It was found that the proposed stress amplitude (σ
a
)
R
could provide a systematic and reasonable fatigue design criterion for the plug and ring type gas welded joints. 相似文献
230.
E. Zervas 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(6):641-647
This work studies the impact of five parameters: CO and HC engine-out emissions, space velocity, average value and profile
of exhaust temperature, on Diesel CO and HC tail-pipe emissions. The first part of this work is conducted on a reactor and
shows that both HC and CO light-off temperature increases with CO and HC input concentration. CO and HC initial concentration
influence the adsorption/desorption capacities of HC only at high temperatures. Space velocity also influences CO and HC conversion
efficiency. The second part of this work studies the impact of different combinations of HC and CO engine-out emissions on
CO and HC conversion and tail-pipe emissions in the case of New European Driving Cycle. This part proposes that a Diesel oxidation
catalyst must be mainly studied at the Urban Part of NEDC, as the CO and HC conversions are very high at the extra-urban part
of NEDC. CO and HC conversion efficiencies are also dependent on exhaust temperature and catalytic volume. In the case of
two different profiles of exhaust temperature with the same average temperature, CO and HC conversion efficiency is lower
in the case of the smoother profile. 相似文献