A review of the road safety strategy in hong kong

Since the mid-1990s, the effectiveness of road safety measures in Hong Kong has been weakening. Six administrations in Australia, California, Great Britain (GB), Japan, New Zealand and Sweden are selected to help review the road safety activities in Hong Kong. Nine main components of the road safety strategy, including vision, objectives, targets, action plan, evaluation and monitoring, research and development, quantitative modeling, institutional framework and funding are summarized from the road safety strategies of these overseas administrations and compared to that of Hong Kong. It is found that Hong Kong's road safety activities have to be restructured to make significant improvement. In the future, a new approach structured by the nine different road safety components is recommended. The lessons learnt can be generalized to smooth the progress of other administrations at the Intermediate Stage towards the Advanced Stage of road safety development by using the short-, medium- and long-term approaches.     

Short-line railroad managers discuss their industry

In the United States, the 1980 Staggers Rail Act created a positive regulatory environment for the creation of new short-line railroads. At present there are about 450 of these railroads that have less than 250 miles of trackage. This study asked managers/owners of these railroads two basic questions. First, what do you believe is the single most important trend that is currently taking place in your industry. The most frequently noted trend was the frustration of working with the larger Class 1 railroads. Five additional trends were also identified by the respondents. The second question asked the respondents if they thought the short-line sector of the rail industry will become more or less important in the next ten years and why. About 70% of the owner/managers believed their industry would become more important in the next decade. The most commonly expressed reason for this position is that the Class 1 railroads will increasingly specialize in mainline service only. Three other rationales were also enumerated. For the managers that thought their industry would become less important, the most noted reason was their trackage would not safely transport the newer very heavy bulk commodity freight cars.     

Benefit transfers: are they a satisfactory input to benefit cost analysis? An airport noise nuisance case study

Benefit cost analysis in a variety of guises has established itself as a useful tool in public policy-making. It is an approach widely adopted in appraising a wide range of infrastructure investments and has been regularly used in legal proceedings. In the context of this study, it forms a common procedure for assisting in the assessment of the social benefits and costs of airport investment. It is not, however, a technique without its limitations. Beside a range of technical concerns, conducting a comprehensive benefit cost analysis can be resource-intensive and time-consuming. Recently, there have been efforts to make its application more efficient by adopting benefit transfer procedures. This involves making use of findings from one study as inputs into other policy-making activities. While applying secondary data to a new policy issue has a long pedigree, new areas of application involve taking non-market valuations of externalities from one study and transferring them to a different policy site. This paper looks at some of the limitations of employing benefit transfers and uses noise nuisance aspect of airport investment policy appraisal as an illustrative case. Based upon a meta-regression assessment of hedonic price models, the findings suggest that caution should be exercised in conduction benefit transfers.     

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由于在模拟密集网络、宏观问题和方案阶段中的优势,连续性模拟方法应用到交通模型的模拟中,正在得到越来越多的关注。此论文意在为二维连续模拟方法的发展和应用提供综合的概括。首先讨论的是理论的发展和对特殊的或多变领域机理的模拟,然后再针对连续模拟方法应用到工厂选址、道路选择、人行道的规划、政策和社会经济分析进行评论。最后,预测其未来研究的前景。     

不同材质共享缆绳对浮式风电场系泊响应的影响

目的旨在合理设计浮式风电场的共享系泊系统,探究不同材质共享缆绳对浮式风电场动力响应的影响。方法首先,对浮式风电场设计共享系泊和传统（无共享缆绳）系泊方案,比较两种系泊方案的动力响应和经济成本,验证设计方案的可行性。其次,探究两类共享系泊系统对浮式风电场系泊响应的影响。最后,分析环境载荷的施加方向和缆绳材质对共享缆绳平均张力的影响。结果采用不同材质共享系泊系统的浮式风电场,其叶片张力近乎相同;两类共享系泊系统对风机位移和系缆平均张力的影响存在差别。此外,环境载荷施加角度和系缆材质也对风机位移和共享缆绳受力产生影响。结论该研究可为系泊系统中共享缆绳选型提供参考。     

基于改进尾流振子模型的超长拉索涡激振动特性数值研究

为了研究大跨度斜拉桥超长拉索在不同流场特性下的高阶多模态涡激振动问题,以牛顿定律为基础,建立了考虑张力变化以及垂度效应的拉索结构振子方程,引入改进的Van Der Pol式尾流振子模型,以加速度耦合两非线性振子,提出了一种简便的拉索涡激振动流固耦合预报模型;采用二阶中心差分法,对两振子方程在空间域和时间域进行离散迭代求解,编制了拉索涡激振动的MATLAB计算程序,并验证了其可靠性。该方法为研究拉索涡激振动提供了一种新思路,可解决风洞试验和数值软件（CFD）不便模拟大长细比拉索结构的问题。基于提出的预报模型,以1根330 m超长拉索为研究对象,分析了拉索多模态涡激振动特性,探讨了不同流场特性对拉索涡激振动的影响。研究结果表明：均匀流作用下,拉索发生涡激锁定现象,以单一模态发生振动,随着风速的增加,拉索涡激锁定区间增大而最大振幅不发生改变;剪切流作用下,拉索发生多模态涡激振动,位移响应呈现\"拍\"的特点,振动频率分布在Strouhal涡脱频率范围内,存在2个或3个主导频率,主导频率全程参与振动,非主导频率间歇参与振动;拉索多模态涡激振动位移响应表现为行波-驻波并存的状态,随着风剖面指数的增加,涡激振动行波效应显著。     

基于影响函数的随机车流作用下大跨度悬索桥风致应力响应分析

为了解决大跨度桥梁在随机车辆荷载和风荷载作用下局部应力求解耗时问题,首先以矮寨大桥为工程背景,建立壳-梁混合单元有限元模型,确定大桥应力的关键位置及关键点,采用分段拟合方法获得随机车辆荷载的影响面函数和风荷载的影响线函数;结合吉茶高速实际交通量特征及随机参数分布特征,采用蒙特卡罗方法,编制抽样程序生成随机车流样本。其次采用风-车-桥耦合振动分析获得典型车辆的等效车辆荷载;引入风荷载动力影响系数,提出了一种简便实用的随机车流下大跨度桥梁风致应力分析方法。最后应用ANSYS计算分析结果验证所提方法的正确可行性,分析矮寨大桥在随机车流和风荷载联合作用下的关键点应力响应。结果表明：风速低于15 m·s^-1时,风荷载引起大桥关键点应力响应远小于车辆荷载引起的应力响应;繁忙车流下应力响应的幅值并不比稀疏车流下的应力幅值大很多,但是繁忙车流下应力响应的峰值数量远大于稀疏车流下的峰值数量,即应力的循环次数多,会增大桥梁的疲劳损伤。     

基于安全可靠性的多类用户交通分配模型

为探究出行安全对用户出行选择行为的影响,提出了考虑事故风险成本和旅行时间的多类用户交通分配模型。针对事故发生的随机性特征,定义了路径出行安全可靠性概念,并以此计算用户的事故风险成本预算,体现出行者的安全偏好。基于考虑事故机会和事故风险的基础事故预测模型,针对路段和交叉口的不同特征,分别定义了路段和交叉口的事故风险成本分布。构建的交叉口事故风险成本模型,体现了交叉口不同转向的事故风险成本的差异性。为了求解基于安全可靠性的多类用户交通分配模型,采用路径配流法和相继平均法设计了相应的求解算法,并通过算例分析了模型和算法的有效性。研究结果表明：安全可靠性在用户出行选择中具有重要影响。当在广义出行费用中考虑事故风险成本时,出行者会更多地选择事故风险成本较小的路径;不同风险倾向的用户会有不同的选择特征,保守型出行者倾向于选择路径事故风险成本标准差相对较小的路径,即事故风险成本波动小的路径,而中立型出行者倾向于选择事故风险成本均值相对较低的路径;考虑交叉口的事故风险成本与否会直接影响流量分配结果,即路径交叉口数量和转向的差异性同样会影响出行者的选择。所提出的模型对于客流预测和网络安全评价与管理具有潜在的应用价值。     

Winter intensification and water mass evolution from yearlong current meters in the Northeast Water Polynya

In the summer of 1992, four current meter moorings were deployed in and later retrieved from the Northeast Water (NEW) polynya on the East Greenland Shelf by the USCGC Polar Sea. The moorings provided hourly temperature, salinity and current data for approximately one year. In the NEW, the circulation intensified and steadiness increased during winter. This intensification was most readily observed at 150 m on the southern side of Westwind trough. The surface layer freshened from summer through December due to ice-melt and freshwater runoff mixing down to at least 75 m. From December through early spring, salinity increased probably due to brine rejected during ice formation. Wintertime events showed water at 75 m with temperatures at the freezing point. Knee Water (KW) was not observed in the current meter data. However, a warmer and fresher than KW watermass was observed at 150 m over the shelf and may result from mixing outside the NEW among KW and the major water masses influencing the region. Polar Water and Atlantic Intermediate Water. Several short-lived events of 3 to 7 days duration perturbed the T-S character at each of the current meters. We believe that these T-S shifts were anticyclonic eddies advecting through the NEW polynya. During such perturbations, T-S values found generally at 75 m were observed at 150 m and T-S values generally at 150 m were observed at 250 m. On the northern side of the Westwind trough, the current meter data provided direct evidence for westward flow into the western extent of the trough at a depth of 250 m. This southwesterly current along the northwest slope of the trough at 250 m is in agreement with the summertime ADCP measurements made in 1992 aboard Polar Sea, and is consistent with the flow inferred from summer hydrography measured from Polarstern in 1993.     

Labour/management relations in North American ports

Labour/management practices in North American ports are undergoing fundamental changes in their shift from confrontation to Cooperation. Cooperation is increasing to counter competitive threats from other ports arising from intermodalism and transportation deregulation. Technological advances in port operations are reducing the number of longshore forces required and changing the skills required of those which remain. A recent survey of North American container terminals provided a 'snapshot' of current approaches of improving labour/management relations. Focusing on growth and development needs of individual port workers enhances morale and motivation resulting in environment. Many ports are introducing new management techniques including improved communications and training to enhance the motivation and productivity of their longshore forces.