Realization of pmp-based control for hybrid electric vehicles in a backward-looking simulation

Optimal control is generally not possible without information about the future coming up, and it is not easy to obtain an optimal solution even though the information is given a priori. In this paper, a control concept based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) is introduced as an efficient solution to generate an optimal control trajectory for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HVEs) when the performance of the vehicles is evaluated on scheduled driving cycles at a simulation level. The main idea of the control concept is to minimize Hamiltonian, which is interpreted as equivalent fuel consumption, and the Hamiltonian is characterized by a co-state, which is interpreted as a weighting factor for the electrical usage. A key aspect of the control problem is that an appropriate initial condition of the co-state is required to satisfy the boundary condition of the problem. In this study, techniques to calculate the Hamiltonian in different hybrid configurations are introduced, and a methodology to look for the initial condition of the co-state is studied, so that the controller is able to realize a desired State Of Charge (SOC) trajectory. To address the issue, we utilize a shooting method with multiple initial conditions based on the concept of the Newton-Raphson method, and all these techniques are realized in a backward looking simulator. The simulation results show that the PMP-based control is a very efficient approach to produce the optimal control trajectory, and the performance is compared to the optimal solution solved by Dynamic Programming (DP).     

冰级桨水动力性能研究综述

针对桨-冰相互作用对冰级桨水动力性能的影响问题,整理归纳国外冰级桨水动力性能研究进展,根据冰级桨特殊工作条件,介绍并分析目前两种主要冰级桨模型试验方法及其特点;介绍数值模拟预报程序PROPELLA,展望未来冰级桨水动力性能的研究方向。     

一种新型单相三开关光伏并网逆变器研究

光伏逆变器由于受外界因素以及逆变器的一些内在因素的影响,导致逆变器对输入电压的要求很严格。传统的逆变器加变压器的方法和多级级联的方法不能够妥善解决输入电压适应性的问题。为满足对大范围直流电压输入变化的适应性要求,同时实现光伏并网逆变器逆变与升压两个功能,提出了一种新型的单相三开关光伏并网逆变器拓扑。采用高频开关器件和反激变换器,替换了传统笨重的工频升压变压器,使得逆变器的体积、重量及成本降低,易于集成,且提高了变换效率。实时波形反馈技术的闭环SPWM（sinusoidal pulse width modulation）控制方法,可提供快速响应。通过一个小的交流滤波器可获得低谐波失真的正弦输出。对理论分析结果进行仿真验证,结果表明该新型单相三开关光伏并网逆变器具有拓扑简单,适应大范围直流输入电压变化,可靠性高等优点。     

Finite element analysis of overlay incorporating stress absorbing membrane interlayers against reflective cracking

A wheel tracking test was modelled to gain better understanding of the deflection and stress-strain distribution in an overlaid cracked pavements with and without membrane interlayer （SAMI）. For this purpose, commercial finite element software Abaqus 6.7-1 was used. Two different models were considered, one incorporating stress absorbing membrane interlayers （SAMIs） and the other without SAMI. In the study, full bond condition was assumed for the boundaries between the layers, and a linear elastic model was used for the analysis. The results show that introduction of SAMI caused greater deflection of the pavement. It is found that although with SAMIs, low stiffness is required, a very low stiffness may yield undesirable results. The results show that the introduction of SAMIs results in high strain concentration around the crack region, whilst the strain in the overlay is smaller than the values predicted in the models without SAMIs.     

基于单片机的直流电机控制实验装置设计

该设计采用单片机构成直流电动机PWM调速系统,其调速过程是由单片机输出控制信号即PWM波形来控制电动机,驱动电路输出电压来驱动电动机工作在不同的运行状态。其运行状态经由反馈电路进行数据采集,并将采集信息反馈给单片机进行数据分析处理,并将当前的电动机运行状态经显示电路显示出来。     

Fuel economy comparison of conventional drive trains series and parallel hybrid electric step vans

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a vehicle that combines a conventional propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system to achieve better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle HEVs do not have limited ranges like battery electric vehicles, which use batteries charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems may have common subsystems or components. The objective of this study is to compare the fuel economies of a conventional step van, a series hybrid electric step van (HESV), and a parallel HESV by calculating the fuel consumption using the ADVISOR software by NREL. We also showed the results of the vehicles in different driving cycles including the Central Business District bus cycles, the New York City Cycle, and the US EPA City and Highway cycles.     

大坡度长斜井有轨运输系统优化技术

以龙厦铁路象山隧道3#斜井工程为依托,针对大坡度长距离有轨运输斜井在施工中存在的问题,通过优化井底车坊布置解决工序间的相互干扰问题,从而提高了运输效率,使斜井有轨和正洞无轨运输更好地结合起来;并通过合理设置抽排水系统,解决了斜井反坡排水的问题,达到安全快速的施工目的。     

全电调节带式无级变速器的理论分析与试验验证

提出了一种应用双电机分别调节主、从动轮工作半径以实现速比变化的带式无级变速器(CVT)全电调节方案.通过运动学和受力分析,得到了CVT速比与电机转角及带轮夹紧力与电机驱动转矩间的定量关系;以橡胶V带CVT为应用对象进行了工程化设计和原理样机研制.通过对样机的性能试验验证了全电调节方案的可行性,CVT速比的精确调节得以实现,而在带轮上产生的夹紧力满足CVT传递转矩的要求.     

互联网办理铁路运输订单信息系统的研究

互联网办理铁路运输服务订单信息系统是铁路企业在电子商务环境下转变营销策略的一次尝试.目的是利用网络和电子商务的优势,提高自身的服务质量.介绍了互联网办理铁路运输服务订单信息系统的结构、功能、及特点.     

工程结构模糊失效模式的优化准则法

基于枚举结构静强度主要失效模式的优化准则法,利用关于随机和模糊熵的定义,建立了模糊随机变量向等效的随机变量的转换关系。把这种关系用于建立模糊随机结构失效模式得到了较好的效果。并用算例来说明这种方法的应用和有效性。对于大型结构,结合并行计算方法,将会使计算时间大大地减少。