The applicability of non-cooperative game theory in transport analysis

Various models that incorporate concepts from Non-Cooperative Game Theory (NCGT) are described in the transport literature. Game Theory provides powerful tools for analysing transport systems, but these tools have some drawbacks that should be recognised. In the current paper we review games that describe transport problems and discuss them within a uniform context. Although the paper does not introduce new tools, it presents insights concerning the relations between transport models and games. We divide existing games into groups and show that some common features characterise multiple games. We distinguish between games that make a conceptual contribution and games that are suitable for application. Compact or symmetric game structures make remarkable observations but often do not support actual decision-making. Less aesthetic formats, most of which are Stackelberg games between authorities and travellers, are stronger as instruments that assist in determining real-life policies; these formulations can be treated by practitioners as mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints and not as games. Yaron Hollander is currently conducting economic research of bus reliability at the Institute for Transport Studies at the University of Leeds. He previously worked for the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology; for the Israel Institute for Transportation Planning and Research; and for the public transport department at Ayalon Highways Co. Joseph N. Prashker is a professor at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology. Till recently he served as head of the Transportation Research Institute at the Technion. His interests are behavioural demand models, network analysis, and Game Theory applications in transportation.     

连续配筋混凝土路面裂缝间距的可靠性分析

为了确保连续配筋混凝土路面(CRCP)的耐久性,需要将其随机变化的横向裂缝间距控制在预期合理的范围内,CRCP配筋设计必须考虑可靠性问题,根据概率论中求解随机向量函数概率分布的有关定理,建立了计算CRCP裂缝间距可靠度的直接积分公式,并与Monte Carlo的计算结果进行了对比。分别考虑裂缝间距超出上、下限两种不同失效模式,分析了设计参数及其变异系数对CRCP裂缝间距可靠度的影响规律。结果表明CRCP裂缝间距的可靠度主要与设计裂缝间距及参数的变异水平有关,CRCP配筋设计应使设计裂缝间距趋于上限和下限的中值,保证路面具有尽可能高的可靠度。     

沥青混合料密实性能

通过Superpave旋转压实仪SGC,可以获知室内压实试件在压实过程中高度的精确变化,进而得到室内试件的整个密实过程。SGC密实曲线提供了混合料密实过程的内在特性,这一信息与室外交通荷载对混合料的密实具有同样的价值。分析了Superpave旋转压实仪SGC有关密实曲线斜率,并对密实能量指数能否反映混合料的压实性能提出质疑。     

Analyzing the dispersion of cargo vapors around a ship’s superstructure by means of wind tunnel experiments

In a previous study, it was found that cargo tank operations like cleaning and venting, lead to higher cargo vapor concentrations around the ship’s superstructure. Can wind tunnel experiments confirm these findings? Is there an improvement when using higher outlets at high velocities compared to lower outlets with a low outlet velocity? Is there a relation between relative wind speed and measured concentration? These questions were investigated in the Peutz wind tunnel. By using a tracer gas for the wind tunnel experiments, concentration coefficients have been calculated for various settings. The study shows that using high-velocity outlets is an efficient way to keep concentrations as low as possible. The only exception is for relative wind directions from the bow. In this last case using a manhole as ventilation outlet leads to lower concentrations. With increasing wind speeds the building downwash effect resulted in higher concentration coefficients near the main deck. This study confirms our on-board measurements and suggests the lowering of the ventilation inlet of the accommodation, so that the high-velocity outlet can be used safely at all times.     

基于CML的级联失效下异质多层交通网络节点抵抗特性研究

为了有效刻画拟合实际的多层交通网络级联失效过程，识别多层网络中对整体韧性安全影响显著的对象，提升交通网络抵抗失效的能力，建立一种基于耦合映象格子（Coupled Map Lattice， CML）的级联失效模型。首先，将交通管控措施赋予交通网络节点额外的容纳能力引申为节点抵抗特性，通过为CML添加抵抗参数H，形成考虑抵抗特性的级联失效（HCML）模型，沿常值-拓扑关联-时变拓扑关联的路径深化H的表征方式，并在小世界（Small World， SW）网络上对比3类表征方式的优劣；其次，应用Space H方法建立异质3层公共交通网络，对比度值与介数2种时变拓扑指标关联的抵抗效果，探究不同交通层抵抗系数对网络失效的影响程度；最后，在6组不同的网络结构上进行HCML模型与传统模型的对比，讨论建网方法、网络规模等不同网络性质的差异对模型有效性的影响，并结合实际客运数据验证HCML模型优越性。研究结果表明：3类表征方式中时变拓扑关联可以兼顾其余2类的优点；同等条件中网络在介数关联的抵抗特性作用下失效增速更缓，模型识别得到的对网络整体失效影响更大交通方式符合客流量实际；HCML模型在多种不同类型的多层交通网络中均可以有效实施，相比于传统模型，HCML模型的最终失效比例平均下降了5.78%，与实际交通级联失效过程更加拟合。     

Identification and quantification of link vulnerability in multi-level public transport networks: a passenger perspective

Robust public transport networks are important, since disruptions decrease the public transport accessibility of areas. Despite this importance, the full passenger impacts of public transport network vulnerability have not yet been considered in science and practice. We have developed a methodology to identify the most vulnerable links in the total, multi-level public transport network and to quantify the societal costs of link vulnerability for these identified links. Contrary to traditional single-level network approaches, we consider the integrated, total multi-level PT network in the identification and quantification of link vulnerability, including PT services on other network levels which remain available once a disturbance occurs. We also incorporate both exposure to large, non-recurrent disturbances and the impacts of these disturbances explicitly when identifying and quantifying link vulnerability. This results in complete and realistic insights into the negative accessibility impacts of disturbances. Our methodology is applied to a case study in the Netherlands, using a dataset containing 2.5 years of disturbance information. Our results show that especially crowded links of the light rail/metro network are vulnerable, due to the combination of relatively high disruption exposure and relatively high passenger flows. The proposed methodology allows quantification of robustness benefits of measures, in addition to the costs of these measures. Showing the value of robustness, our work can support and rationalize the decision-making process of public transport operators and authorities regarding the implementation of robustness measures.     

SDH设备测试问题分析

近年来，SDH设备在我国铁路长途通信领域中得到了大量的应用，许多施工运营单位都配备了相应的测试、维护仪表，如HP37717B／C等。但是由于SDH构成理论相对抽象，致使许多技术人员对SDH设备的测试感到无所适从。下面结合中铁电气化局集团二公司在几条长大干线SDH系统开通测试中所遇到的问题，谈一谈对SDH测试的理解及经验。     

机车车体的轻型化设计

回顾了国内外机车车体设计和计算的发展过程；介绍了机车车体轻型化的必要性和必然性；结合我国目前高速列车的发展，就机车车体轻型化结构设计的原则作了分析与说明。     

GIS and network models: Issues for three potential applications

Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are now being developed for urban transportation planning and modeling. Supporting other recent work, this paper demonstrates the combination of GIS and network-based, urban transportation planning (UTP) modeling software to create powerful tools for the analysis of policies and plans. Following a literature review and informal survey identifying GIS and UTP modeling software in use at transportation agencies, three applications of GIS for network modeling and relevant issues are discussed: 1) developing or modifying UTP models, 2) incorporating network data into a GIS framework, and 3) creating and using a high-speed interactive system suitable for providing near real-time alternatives and policy analysis. Some specific suggestions are made related to the use of two software products, and extensions to other platforms are noted. Conclusions allude to the potential of such systems while realistically pointing to the present difficulties and magnitude of effort that will be required.