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901.
In an HLA (hydraulic lash adjuster) piston engine, “pump up” can occur when a valve is opened by the HLA when it should be
closed. HLA pump up is more frequently encountered with exhaust valves than with intake valves. When HLA pump up in occurs
in the exhaust valve, exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold enters the cylinder on the intake stroke, and fresh air-fuel mixture
exits through the exhaust manifold on the compression stroke and is burned in the catalyst, causing partial burning, misfire,
catalyst melting and power drop. HLA pump up occurs when the force on the valve from the HLA is higher than the force on the
HLA from the valve. HLA pump up is related to design parameters, such as oil pressure, rocker ratio, spring load, spring surge,
and both intake and exhaust valve timing. In this study, valve lift and load on a roller finger follower were measured at
varying engine firing conditions to evaluate HLA pump up. The results indicated that effective measures to reduce HLA pump
up include a higher rocker ratio, a lower oil supply pressure to the HLA, a higher spring installation load and a lower spring
surge. 相似文献
902.
Gerotor pumps are widely used in the automotive industry for engine oil lubrication, due to their high volumetric efficiency
and smooth pumping action. In many cases, the lubricating oil from the sump is mixed with contaminants, such as dust and tiny
solid particles, or becomes thickened, due to aging. These problems will lead to critical situations, such as increased noise,
enhanced wear and erosion, and poor lubrication of the engine. These critical situations were studied by conducting a detailed
CFD integrated investigation on a gerotor pump’s performance at different operating conditions in three phases, and the results
are presented in this paper. In first phase, a CFD model of a gerotor pump was developed with a dynamic mesh for the rotary
movement of both the inner and outer rotors. The effects on pump flow rate of important parameters, such as rotor speed, fluid
viscosity and number of ports, were simulated using non-contaminated oil at room temperature and an elevated temperature of
140oC. The relationship between flow rate and pressure at different rotor speeds was predicted and validated with test data
for further parametric study. The pressure ripples at different time steps were measured at different angular positions of
the rotors to examine the model accuracy. It was found that the flow rate increased and pressure pulsation, as well as flow
recirculation, was reduced when ports were added to the cover plate. A suction pipe with a strainer was added for the second
phase to capture the undesired changes in flow behavior, such as cavitation, which is caused by negative suction at the inlet
region of pump. A suitable size for the inlet suction pipe for this pump was chosen after performing tests to characterize
the flow behavior with single and double ports. Next, the relationship between pressure drop and strainer porosity was determined
using different porosity values for the strainers. In the final phase, oil with different concentrations of solids was simulated
to measure the effect of solid particles on flow rates and pressure losses. It was observed that the intensity of the recirculation
was reduced at the suction end at the higher concentration of 0.04%, due to particle inertial effects. It was also found that
particle size distribution affected the overall efficiency and pressure head of the pump. 相似文献
903.
Breakup modeling of a liquid jet in cross flow 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
K. -S. Im K. -C. Lin M. -C. Lai M. S. Chon 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(4):489-496
We propose a novel breakup model to simulate the catastrophic breakup regime in a supersonic cross flow. A developed model
has been extended from an existing Kelvin-Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor (K-H/R-T) hybrid model. A new mass reduction rate equation,
which has critical effects on overall spray structure, is successfully adopted, and the breakup length, which is an important
parameter in existing model, is replaced by the breakup initiation time. Measured data from the supersonic wind tunnel with
a dimension of 762×152×127 mm was employed to validate the newly developed breakup model. A nonaerated injector with an orifice
diameter of 0.5 mm is used to inject water into a supersonic flow prescribed by the momentum flux ratio of the liquid jet
to free stream air, q
0
. The conservation-element and solution-element (CE/SE) method, a novel numerical framework for the general conservation law,
is applied to simulate the supersonic compressible flow. The spray penetration height and average droplet size along with
a spray penetration axis are quantitatively compared with data. The shock train flow structures induced by the presence of
a liquid jet are further discussed. 相似文献
904.
OSEK OS (Offene Systeme und deren Schnittstellen für die Elektronik in Kraftfahrzeugen Operating System) is an open, real-time
operating system standard for ECU software in vehicles. Because it was originally designed to be used in an extremely resource-constrained
environment, an OSEK-compliant operating system must incur low processing overhead and memory usage. Unfortunately, as OSEK
OS has evolved over time, it now specifies nontrivial kernel features along with multiple conformance classes and application
modes. This may lead to unwanted dynamic resource usage in a system using OSEK OS unless the standard is carefully interpreted
and designed into an OSEK OS implementation. In this paper, we analyzed the various kernel features of OSEK OS and their interactions
to identify areas in the standard that warrant further resource usage optimization. In particular, we attempted to reduce
the run-time memory footprint. Based on our analyses, we present two kernel mechanisms: (1) stack sharing among tasks and
(2) light-weight ready queue handling specialized for OSEK OS conformance classes. We also offer implementation methods for
the proposed mechanisms by extending OIL and associated tools. Finally, we show the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms
via extensive experiments. Our mechanisms allow OSEK-based systems to use only 36% of the memory requirements of conventional
OSEK-based systems on average. 相似文献
905.
Model referenced adaptive control to compensate slip-stick transition during clutch engagement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clutches are widely used in various vehicle powertrains. The engagement process of a friction clutch has three phases, i.e.,
open, slipping, and sticking. Transitions between different phases introduce a discontinuity to the powertrain dynamics, which
has been neglected in previous research. A model referenced adaptive controller (MRAC), based on Popov hyper-stability criterion,
is designed to compensate the discontinuity. MRAC adjusts the frictional torque along with the errors of the state variables
compared with those of a referenced model. The designed MRAC is applied to a clutch in a bus. Simulation and experimental
results under fast and slow startup cases show that MRAC can simultaneously reduce vehicle jerk and frictional dissipation
when compared with the conventional controller. 相似文献
906.
The B2-L21 ordering transitions in Au-Cu-Al shape-memory alloys are studied by the Monte Carlo exchange simulations, where a set of
the first, the second and the third nearest-neighbor mixing potentials for Cu-Al in the Au-Cu-Al alloys are calculated from
first principals using the Connolly-Williams methods. To ensure the phase stability of the β-Au-Cu-Al, the investigation includes the range of compositions Au2Cu1−x
Al1+x
(−0.15 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.15). The B2-L21 transition temperatures are predicted, and are in agreement with the experimental results. The atomic ordering around vacancy
of the L21 structure is further discussed. 相似文献
907.
Multi-element ultrasound phased array applicator for the ablation of deep-seated tissue 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has attracted increasing interests as a promising noninvasive modality for the treatment
of deep tumors in the thoracic and abdominal cavity. A 90-element HIFU spherical phased array applicator operated at 1MHz
has been developed for deep tissue ablation. The spherical array with a 5 cm wide central hole has a 21 cm diameter and an
18 cm radius of curvature. Annular element distribution with unequal element spacing is used to reduce the number of elements.
The array is constructed with piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT-8) circular elements that are 1.4 cm in diameter
and have a wall with thickness of 0.2 cm. The array offers an effective ablating depth of at least 8 cm in the tissue for
both simulations and ex vivo experiments. The simulations demonstrate that the developed array can steer the focus with good
quality of intensity distributions up to 6mm off center over ranges from 17 to 21 cm when the water depth is set at 11 cm.
We also present the beam focusing capability in deep tissue through a series of ex vivo experiments by measuring discoloration
areas after sonications. These results indicate that the developed array is ideal for the ablation of deep-seated tissue. 相似文献
908.
The objective of this paper is to optimize the parameters of pellet drying and preheating process in grate. A mathematical
model of drying and preheating is developed, and is verified by the experiments. Further, the operating parameters of wind
temperature, wind speed, grate speed and bed depth etc. are investigated through the orthogonal method using the simulation
results. And a relationship of drying, preheating effects and operating parameters is achieved. The results show that the
optimization effect can be achieved in the given range when air velocity is about 3.0 m/s and temperature is about 300, 500,
800, and 1 100 °C in the updraft drying zone, downdraft drying zone, preheating I zone, and preheating II zone respectively.
The work is help for saving energy and reducing emissions in pellet induration. 相似文献
909.
For many image classification tasks, color histogram is usually employed as an important “signature” to describe the color
distribution of the image and infer the image content. However, most traditional color histograms cannot achieve satisfactory
results in many image classification systems. In order to improve the accuracy and reduce the computational complexity of
the classification task, an information-based color feature representation is proposed in this paper. The mutual information
between the feature and the class label is adopted to evaluate the discriminative power of the feature. A novel quantization
scheme is presented, which removes the redundant color components and combines the adjacent components together to generate
a new feature to maximize the discriminative ability. An iterative algorithm is performed to derive the color space quantization
and color feature generation. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed color representation, a specific image
classification task, i.e., differentiating the adult images from benign ones, is employed. Experimental results show that
our color feature achieves better classification performance and better efficiency compared with the traditional color histogram. 相似文献
910.
Structure-borne sound attenuation at corner interface of two plates with dynamic vibration absorber attached is investigated
by wave approach. Equations governing transmission and reflection coefficients are deduced by introducing some non-dimensional
coefficients, which help to reveal the physical sense inside and to simplify the analysis. Numerical investigation on vibration
energy transmission of bending wave is carried out as well. The results from measurement and prediction show almost the same
trends in the simplified experiment. It is found that energy transmission at corner interface depends greatly on whether the
dynamic vibration absorber attached acts at resonance and is relatively lower right after the nature frequency of dynamic
vibration absorber. Furthermore, the dynamic vibration absorber attached provides less energy transmission of bending wave
than blocking mass at the end of “passing band”. 相似文献