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971.
Ung Jon Jihwan Kim Hyeongcheol Lee 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2018,19(6):959-967
This paper proposes a DC motor current control algorithm using a proportional-integral linear quadratic tracking (LQT) controller with a disturbance observer for the electronic stability control (ESC) brake system. Previously researched algorithms related to current control using disturbance rejection are robust control, adaptive control, LQT, or proportional-integral disturbance observer (PI-DOB); each of them has both advantages and disadvantages. The proposed algorithm uses a disturbance observer in order to improve disturbance rejection performance while avoiding the drawbacks of high gain property. Additionally, the proposed algorithm adds integral control in order to improve performance in the low frequency bands. In order to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm, simulations and experiments are performed in the time and frequency domains to compare the proposed algorithm with different algorithms which are actually implemented into the ESC. The proposed algorithm shows good characteristics near the cut-off frequency, which can be confirmed clearly by the time domain results. 相似文献
972.
Carlo Scaffidi Salvatore De Caro Salvatore Foti Tommaso Scimone Antonio Testa 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2018,19(6):1091-1101
An electrically assisted internal combustion engine is obtained by combining a conventional engine and one or more electrical motors of considerably smaller size. A key feature of such an innovative vehicle hybridization approach is that the torque generated by electric machines is not transmitted to the wheels. The electric motors are, in fact, intended only to assist the internal combustion engine in low efficiency, low performance, or high polluting working conditions. They however, draw extra power and energy from the battery. This paper presents a tool to evaluate different possible solutions in terms of energy balance, efficiency, battery stress and battery ageing. The method, which is based on suitable mathematical models and specific analysis criteria is also exploited to compare eight different configurations of a C-segment vehicle, pointing out limits and capabilities of traditional 12?14 V systems. 相似文献
973.
Cheol Woong Park Chang Gi Kim Young Choi Sun Youp Lee Sung Won Lee Ui Hyung Yi Jang Hee Lee Tae Min Kim Duk Sang Kim 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2017,18(6):1061-1066
Natural gas fuel, as an alternative energy source of transportation, has been used widely since it has an advantage of low emission levels. However, new technologies are required in order to meet the reinforced emission regulations. For this purpose, research into the development of hydrogen-compressed natural gas (HCNG) blend engine was carried out to evaluate its feasibility and emission characteristics. The Engine Research Department at the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials carried out a large number of tests based on various parameter changes that could affect the performance and emission of HCNG engine in different operating conditions. An earlier stage of the research project focused on the lean combustion of a HCNG engine for heavy duty vehicles to meet the EURO-VI standards. An 11-L/6-cylinder CNG engine was used for the test. The effects of the excess air ratio change were assessed based on various content ratios of hydrogen in the natural gas fuel. In the later part of the HCNG research, a stoichiometric mixture operation was suggested to meet reinforced emission regulation without requiring a De-NOx system. Additionally, an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system was introduced for the purpose of improving thermal efficiency and durability. The optimal operating conditions were selected to achieve the best thermal efficiency to meet the required emission levels. In this paper, we demonstrate that a HCNG engine can achieve a significant decrease in NOx emissions, as compared to that of a CNG engine, while meeting the requirements of the EURO-VI standards during a transient mode cycle test. EGR can suppress the weakness of stoichiometric mixture combustion strategy, such as the deterioration of the durability and thermal efficiency, while the emission level can be lowered with the use of a three-way catalyst. The possibility of further reduction of emissions and CO2 with EGR was evaluated to access practical application of a HCNG engine in the field. From that evaluation, the HCNG engine with stoichiometric mixture operation for heavy duty vehicles was developed. The emission levels of HCNG engine were 50 % lower when compared to the EURO-VI standards with a greater than 10 % decrease in CO2 compared to that of a natural gas engine. 相似文献
974.
975.
As a new type of hull form, trimaran has remarkable excellent performances and has drawn more and more attention. When the viscous CFD technology now available is applied to the research of resistance performance of trimaran, the spatial discretization would usually result in the grid error and uncertainty, and thus the considerable discrepancy between the numerical results and the experimental data. In order to ascertain how much the grid would affect the calculation, the grid convergence should be studied. A mathematical trimaran was chosen as an example, with the commercial code CFX for the simulation, VOF for surface treatment, and the grid study was carried out based on two different turbulence models. It was concluded that carrying out grid study is helpful in estimating the grid error and uncertainty, and indicating the direction of improving the credibility of the numerical calculation, and, in addition to grid errors and uncertainties, the turbulence modeling errors and uncertainties contribute to the simulation errors. 相似文献
976.
From our perspective, a global technology development should be focused on resolving the issues of environmental impact and
conservation of available natural energy resources. New technological solutions and alternative fuels, such as Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG), have increasingly more application for modern engines and vehicles. If we take into account the situation
in city transport, where primarily vehicles with diesel engines are used, a strategic proposal is to begin by retrofitting
these into bi-fuel or dedicated Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs). This paper analyzes the retrofit of a diesel bus into dedicated
NGV. To confirm the safety of the vehicle in city transport, we addressed the problem of mounting a gas rack with CNG cylinders
on the roof of a retrofitted city bus, according to UN ECE Regulation No. 110. This assembly is the most critical part of
the retrofitted bus because of the concentration of stress due to increased mass and the application of a specific installation
for supply of CNG from the cylinders to the engine. These regulations must be met in all parts of the vehicle, but we only
focused on those areas affected by the retrofit to NGV. 相似文献
977.
Rectangular tiles can be laid on a ship’s hull for protection, but the sides of the tiles must be adjusted so adjacent tiles
will conform to the curvature of the hull. A method for laying tiles along a reference line was proposed, and an allowable
range of displacement for the four vertices of the tile was determined. Deformations of each tile on a specific reference
line were then obtained. It was found that the least deformation was required when the tiles were laid parallel to a line
with the least curvature. After calculating the mean curvature on the surface, the surface was divided into three layout areas.
A set of discrete points following the least deformation of the principal curvatures was obtained. A NURBS interpolation curve
was then plotted as the reference line for laying tiles. The optimum size of the tiles was obtained, given the allowable maximum
deformation condition. This minimized the number of bolts and the amount of stuffing. A typical aft hull section was selected
and divided into three layout areas based on the distribution of curvature. The optimum sizes of rectangular tiles were obtained
for every layout area and they were then laid on the surface. In this way the layout of the rectangular tiles could be plotted. 相似文献
978.
While much of the scholarly literature on immigrants’ travel focuses on transit use, the newest arrivals to the United States
make over twelve times as many trips by carpool as by transit. Using the 2001 National Household Travel Survey and multinomial
logit mode choice models, we examine the determinants of carpooling. In particular, we focus on the likelihood of carpooling
among immigrants—carpooling both within and across households. After controlling for relevant determinants of carpooling,
we find that immigrants are far more likely to form household carpools than native-born adults and also are more likely than
the native-born to form external carpools (outside the household). Moreover, when faced with the options of carpooling and
public transit, immigrants—even recent arrivals—appear to prefer carpools over transit more strongly than the native born. 相似文献
979.
Ki-Hyun Kim Sudhir Kumar Pandey Hang Thi Nguyen Soo-Yeoun Chung S.-J. Cho M.-Y. Kim J.-M. Oh Young Sunwoo 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2010,15(3):168-174
The concentrations of particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, and TSP at an urban roadside and an urban background station are analyzed. Data collected over a 10 year period are analyzed. The concentrations of the particulates measured at the urban site are systematically larger than at the background station. The mean PM values at the former also exhibit a slight fall over the decade unlike those at the background station. Overall, the particulate matters at both locations are in an intermediate range of global level, e.g., approximately two times lower than those in other Asian regions but higher than in Europe. 相似文献
980.
The statistical characteristics of corroded steel plate surfaces exposed to marine environments are of interest for assessing longer term structural safety and integrity using probabilistic methods. This requires information about the variability of corrosion loss and pitting over surfaces. The present paper reports on the observed statistical character of the surfaces of 10 large (1.2 m × 0.8 m × 3 mm thick) steel plates exposed in temperate climate marine immersion, tidal and splash zones for 2.5 years. For the analysis the plates were cut into smaller segments that were mechanically scanned to obtain digitised surface topographies. These were then analysed to estimate the correlation structure and the standard deviation of the surface topography. Considerable differences were found for these and for the mean corrosion loss between different exposure zones. For any one segment the surface topography was found to be highly statistically dependent, implying that smaller coupon sizes can provide adequate estimates of corrosion loss. From this it may be inferred that the deepest pits are not statistically independent as commonly assumed in extreme value statistical representations. 相似文献