Effect of fuel choice on nanoparticle emission factors in LPG-gasoline bi-fuel vehicles

Nanoparticle and gas-phase emission factors are presented for a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) passenger vehicle and are compared to gasoline operation. A bi-fuel LPG-gasoline vehicle certified for use on either fuel was used as the test vehicle so that a direct comparison of the emissions could be made based on fuel choice. These values were considered along with previous studies to determine the relative change in particulate emissions due to fuel choice over a wide range of vehicles and operating conditions. The vehicle examined in this study was tested on a chassis dynamometer for both steadystate and transient conditions. Transient test cycles included the US FTP72 driving cycle, Japanese driving cycle and modified Indian driving cycle while steady-state tests were done at vehicle speeds ranging from 10–90 km/hr in various transmission gears. Exhaust particle size distributions were measured in real-time using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50), and particle number and particle mass emission factors were calculated. For both fuels, the majority of the particles ranged from 5 to 160 nm in terms of particle diameter, with typically more than 85% of the particles in the nucleation mode (between 5–50 nm). In most cases, the vehicle produced a greater fraction of larger (accumulation mode) particles when fuelled on LPG. Using the data in the literature as well as the data in the current study, gasoline fuel produces 4.6 times more particles in terms of number and 2.1 times more particles in terms of mass.     

Efficiency improvement for an unthrottled SI engine at part load

Variable valve timing (VVT) and cylinder deactivation (CDA) are promising methods in reducing fuel consumption and emission at part load in SI engines. An SI engine which uses electromagnetic valvetrain (EMV) will eliminate flow restriction from the throttle valve and produce higher indicated mean efficiency pressure (IMEP) due to the disabling of some of the working cylinders at part load. Therefore, pumping loss can be significantly reduced at part-load conditions. In addition, duration and timing of valve events are variably controlled at different operating conditions. This contributes to the improvement of engine efficiency. In this study, a dynamic model of an unthrottled SI engine has been developed to simulate the engine cycle. The model uses an EMV system that allows valvetrain control and cylinder deactivation techniques to be carried out in simulation flexibly. The simulated results find the optimal valve timing for different engine speeds. The optimal timing of intake valve closing depends on engine speed linearly, while the intake valve opening insignificantly influences engine performance. Additionally, this study also shows that cylinder deactivation modes can be successfully applied in improving engine efficiency at different engine loads. Different cylinder deactivation strategies have been applied for the full range of engine loads. It is concluded that the two-cylinder deactivation mode (50% CDA) considerably improves fuel consumption at low engine load. Meanwhile, one-cylinder deactivation (25% CDA) is an optimal fuel economy mode at medium engine load. With proper uses of VVT and CDA strategies, the efficiency of an SI engine can be increased more than 30% at low engine load and 11.7 % at medium engine load.     

封一/四

钢结构桥梁形式多样,优点突出,在世界各地应用广泛,为了推进中国钢结构桥梁的建设,促进中国钢结构桥梁抗火防灾研究领域的全面发展,加快钢结构桥梁抗火防灾技术的研究,加强钢结构桥梁抵抗火灾的能力,提升管理部门应对钢结构桥梁遭遇火灾时的应急水平,对钢结构桥梁抗火防灾的研究现状与亟待解决的问题进行了总结。研究了国内外钢结构桥梁火灾发生时的场景以及钢结构桥梁遭遇火灾时的破坏形态,分析了钢结构桥梁火灾发生时的特点,强调了油罐车火灾对钢结构桥梁安全性能的严重威胁,给出了钢结构桥梁抗火防灾的关键技术。继而,对其抗火研究存在的问题进行了梳理,包括钢结构桥梁所用材料的高温特性,复杂环境下钢结构桥梁截面的传热机制、钢-混凝土组合梁界面间的高温作用机理、钢结构桥梁火灾行为的数值模拟与智能预测技术、火灾全过程中钢结构桥梁的试验与测试方法、火灾高温下钢结构桥梁的力学行为以及钢结构桥梁抗火研究的工程应用等七大方面给出了钢结构桥梁抗火研究亟待解决的问题和更高的目标。以期对钢结构桥梁抗火防灾方向的技术研究提供全新的视角和基础资料。     

Integral Recrystallization Modelling

1.IntroductionAlthoughmancanproducemetallicmaterialssincemorethan5(X)0yearsitisafundamentalfindingofonlythiscenturythatthePropertiesofamaterialarenotdeterminedbyanymacroscopicquantity,likeoverallcomposition,dimensions,strainortemperature,ratherthanbyitsmicrostructure,i.e.thespatialdistributionofelements,phases,orientationsanddefects.Thismicrosmicture,however,isliabletOchangeduringprocessingofamaterialfromtheliquidstatetothefinalproduct,anditcanbesubstantiallyaffectedbychangingtheprocessingcon…     

The demand for public transport. part II. supply and demand factors of public transport

Abstract

This two‐part article, concerned with the way public transport ridership is affected by the various relevant factors, is based on the Executive Summary of The Demand for Public Transport (Webster and Bly 1980), the report of the TRRL‐sponsored International Collaborative Study on Factors Affecting Public Transport Patronage. Part I of the article, which was concerned with the social and economic conditions in which public transport operates, showed the importance of the background factors such as income, car ownership and land use on public transport usage: it also indicated how the longer‐term impacts of the more direct demand factors (fares, service levels) often show themselves in changes in car ownership levels, activity patterns (i.e. where people live, work, shop, socialize, etc) and land‐use development.

Part II reviews the current state of knowledge on the effects of changes in fare levels and quality of service and of the introduction of various traffic and transport measures (traffic restraint, bus priority, etc): it outlines current methodology on costing public transport services and draws the supply and demand sides together in a consideration of particular strategies which are at the disposal of the operator, the planner and the policy maker.     

Financial appraisals of a microcomputer‐based referencing system for a local bus travel telephone enquiry service

Abstract

Solution of current and future transportation problems requires a more consistent and complete realization of the principles of socioeconomic motivation in research and practical work. With this aim it is suggested that a transport‐communication model (TCM) of society should be constructed as a projection of all the social processes into the space of artificial flows of matter, energy and information. A simplified example of a transport‐communication systems model in terms of mathematical systems theory is reviewed, demonstrating the constructs of such an approach, and a critical analysis is made of scientific paradigms, used in the transportation theory. The author suggests an iterative procedure for the formation of a hierarchic theory of transportation systems based on simulation concepts and experiments, and formulates a hypothesis of its feasibility in the construction of present‐day transportation theory as a realistic basis for solving transportation problems.     

钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁抗火性能与设计方法

为研究提高钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁抗火性能的策略,选取某三跨钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁为研究对象,利用通用有限元软件ANSYS建立了其在火灾下的三维非线性两阶段分析模型;基于已有热-结构耦合分析方法,模型考虑了钢箱梁内空腔辐射传热过程和其上翼缘与混凝土板的接触边界条件;将模型得到的预测结果与试验数据进行了比较,验证了模型的可靠性;采用建立的模型在不同纵向受火位置、火灾强度和荷载水平作用下对钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁跨中挠度进行了参数敏感性分析,研究了其极限承载能力和刚度衰变规律;以火灾下跨中挠度为评估指标,提出了针对钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁的抗火设计方法。研究结果表明：在对称火和结构荷载作用下,钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁外边缘挠度大于内边缘挠度,且荷载越大,火灾越严重,这一效应越显著;在油罐车等过火面积较大的火灾作用下,刚度较极限承载能力衰退更快,与常温下的钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁极限承载能力和刚度相比,边跨受火16 min时极限承载能力和刚度分别降低至29%和14%,中跨受火28 min时极限承载能力和刚度分别降低至31%和22%;在钢-混凝土组合连续弯箱梁抗火设计中,应首先提高外侧钢箱梁在火灾下的刚度,增多和加宽外侧钢箱梁底板纵向加劲肋可使边跨受火20 min后内外侧钢箱梁跨中挠度差分别减小23%和30%,中跨受火32 min后内外侧钢箱梁跨中挠度差分别减小22%和27%。     

Messungen von Fahrbahn-Unebenheiten paralleler Fahrspuren und Anwendung der Ergebnisse

Measurement of two track road inputs and theoretical application of the results

The calculation of vehicle response to road-surface irregularity inputs requires the spectral densities of the left and right longitudinal track and their statistical dependence

This paper presents some resluts of parallel profile measurements, three typical german roads have been chosen

Random vibration of two vehicle types are digital-simulated. The dynamic tire load shows that independent suspension systems are more advantageous than beam axles, because by wheel tramp this type increases the dynamic tire load.     

Spatial and Temporal Variability in Shipping Traffic Off San Francisco,California

Shipping traffic poses a worldwide threat to many large whale species. Spatially explicit risk assessments are increasingly being used as a tool to minimize ship-strike risk. These assessments often use static representations of shipping patterns. We used Automatic Identification System data to quantify variability in cargo shipping traffic entering and exiting San Francisco Bay, which contains some of the busiest ports in the United States, at three temporal resolutions: (1) before and after implementation of the California Air Resources Board's Ocean-Going Vessels Fuel Rule, (2) among seasons, and (3) day versus night. We used the nonparametric Mood's Median test to compare median daily distance traveled because the data were not normally distributed and the variance was not homogeneous. Our analyses show that shipping traffic off San Francisco is dynamic at both interannual and daily temporal resolutions, but that traffic was fairly consistent among the seasons considered. Our analyses emphasize the importance of economic and regulatory drivers on interannual shipping traffic patterns. Shipping traffic is expected to continue to change off the U.S. West Coast and to increase globally. These changes in shipping traffic could have implications for the risk of ships striking whales and should be included in risk assessments.