Modeling and simulation of a dual-mode electrohydraulic fully variable valve train for four-stroke engines

In modern four-stroke automotive engine technology, variable valve timing and lift control offer potential benefits for making a high-performance engine. In this paper, a novel design named dual-mode electrohydraulic fully variable valve train (EHFVVT) for both engine intake and exhaust valves is introduced. The system is mainly controlled by either proportional flow control valves or proportional pressure relief valves, and hence two different families of valve displacement patterns can be achieved. The construction of the mathematical model of the valve train system and its dynamic analysis are also presented in this paper. Experimental and simulation results show that the dual-mode electrohydraulic variable valve train can achieve fully variable valve timing and lift control, and has the potential to eliminate the traditional throttle valve in the gasoline engines. With the proposed system, the engine performance at various speeds and loads will be significantly improved.     

KCNE2蛋白在自发性高血压大鼠心脏组织中的分布和表达

目的研究KCNE2蛋白在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心脏不同部位的分布和表达差异,及鼠龄对其表达水平的影响。方法提取幼龄和高龄SHR心肌不同部位(心室、室隔膜和心房)组织的膜蛋白,利用Western印迹技术和图象分析方法,比较KCNE2蛋白在样品之间免疫强度差异。结果SHR心肌不同部位组织中均有KCNE2蛋白的分布;同龄大鼠心肌不同部位组织中KCNE2蛋白的表达均无显著性差异;但在高龄大鼠的右心室和室隔膜组织中,KCNE2蛋白的表达显著高于其在幼龄大鼠相同组织中的表达。结论KCNE2蛋白在SHR心脏不同部位均有分布;在高龄大鼠右心室和室隔膜组织中,KCNE2蛋白的表达水平均高于其在幼龄大鼠同一组织中的表达。     

西安市城区绝经后妇女骨密度与女性生理因素的相关性

目的探讨绝经后妇女女性生理因素与腰椎、髋部骨密度的关系。方法对西安市城区281名绝经后妇女进行了女性生理因素的流行病学调查,并测定了腰椎、髋部骨密度。结果相关分析显示年龄、绝经年限、生育活产子女数和骨密度均呈显著负相关(P<0.01),而行经年限、身高、体重及体重指数(BMI)和骨密度均呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。比较骨质疏松组、骨量减少组和骨量正常组,年龄、绝经年限、生育活产子女数等,骨质疏松组明显高于骨量减少组和正常组(P<0.05);而平均每次月经持续天数、行经年限、身高、体重、BMI等,骨质疏松组明显低于骨量减少组和正常组(P<0.05)。结论西安市城区绝经后妇女的年龄、行经年限、绝经年限、生育活产子女数、身高、体重和BMI等与其腰椎和髋部的骨密度有明显的相关性。     

原发性小血管炎患者多系统临床表现和肾脏病理分析

目的分析原发性小血管炎患者多系统的临床表现和肾脏病理特点。方法选取我院1996年1月至2007年8月间明确诊断的原发性小血管炎患者共78例,患者均有肾脏损害,并行肾活检,总结分析患者的临床病理资料。结果78例中15例胞浆型抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(cANCA)阳性,均识别蛋白酶3(PR3);62例环核型抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(PANCA)阳性,均识别髓过氧化物酶(MPO)。临床表现呈多器官受累:不规则发热;浮肿、血尿、蛋白尿、肾功能减退;咳嗽、咯血、胸痛、肺部浸润;鼻塞伴有脓性分泌物;关节肿痛等。肾活检可见小血管壁节段性纤维素样坏死,新月体多见。免疫荧光无免疫球蛋白或微量免疫球蛋白及补体C3沉积。治疗采用糖皮质激素联用细胞毒药物或吗替麦考酚酯,部分患者同时给予透析治疗,治疗有效率达85.9%。结论原发性小血管炎并不少见,且以显微镜下型多血管炎居多;患者以中老年为主;ANCA检测有助于早期诊断及复发判断;及时治疗可逆转。     

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Three Dimensional Flexible Multibody Systems

The nonlinear dynamic problems of three dimensional flexible multibody systems are investigated. The elastic deformation fields of flexible space beams are decomposed into axial deformation and bending deformation, and described by each exact vibration modes in the body coordinate systems. The constrainted nonlinear dynamic equations are derived by using Lagrange multiplier method. A numerical procedure for solving the resulting differential algebraic equations is presented based on Newmark direct integration method combined with the modified Newton-Raphson iterative method. Numerical results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Explaining obesity with urban form: a cautionary tale

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in studies exploring associations between the built environment and obesity. Many studies have found that built environment characteristics, such as high-density land developments, mixed-land uses, and connected street networks, are associated with lower rates of obesity. However, depending on the research field and the researcher, how one specifies the experimental model and how sociodemographic characteristics of the population are defined and included in the model has led to different policy conclusions and implications. This is not a surprising observation; however, it is one that does seem to have been lost in current discussions. This article highlights several data-processing, model-specification, and model-estimation factors that should be comprehensively considered in studies of the built environment and obesity. Empirical results based on data from Atlanta, GA, USA, illustrate that the association between the built environment and obesity is sensitive to how age, income, and educational attainment are included in the model. Also, a detailed examination of land-use-mix measures shows that it is difficult to create this measure and that results are sensitive to the treatment of missing values. Models that distinguish between overweight and obese individuals are shown to provide richer insights into the associations among obesity, built environment, and sociodemographic characteristics for the Atlanta area. The article concludes by offering modeling recommendations for future studies.

Design and Combustion Characteristic Analysis of Free Piston Stirling Engine External Combustion System

The free piston Stirling engine external combustion system was simulated to investigate the diesel-air combustion characteristics in order to demonstrate its feasibility by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The different effects on combustion were distinguished by analyzing the combustion burner, the injection position of diesel oil, the front tube arrangement of Stirling heater head and the back fin. The results show that the tilted front tube arrangement of the heater head with the back fin is the best practicable technology while the distance between the diesel nozzle position and the swirler top is 0. Its total heat flux is 15.6 kW, and the average heat transfer coefficients of the front and back tubes are 127W/(m² · K) and 192W/(m² · K), respectively. The heat transfer is mainly through convection, and the proportion of radiative heat transfer is only 16.9%. The best combustion efficiency of the free piston Stirling engine external combustion system is 86%.     

板边离缝对CRTS III型轨道-路基动力特性的影响

为了研究板边离缝对高速铁路基础结构动力特性的影响,利用CRTS III型板式轨道-路基全尺寸试验模型开展了落轴试验,实测了轨道板与自密实充填层一侧界面处离缝的几何分布,并利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立了相应的动力有限元分析模型,分析了板边离缝对轨道和路基结构冲击动力特性的影响规律,并利用相应的试验结果对数值结果进行了对比验证. 研究结果表明:轨道板和自密实层界面处单侧离缝的平均宽度和平均高度分别为28.18 cm和2.15 mm;板边离缝宽度对基础结构动力特性的影响要大于离缝高度;在0～800 mm的范围内,随着离缝宽度的增加,轨道和路基位移以及钢轨加速度、轨道板加速度和基床底层加速度都持续增加,其中轨道板的位移和加速度的增幅均为最大,分别为56.8%和143.3%,充填层、支承层和基床表层的垂向加速度随离缝宽度的增加先增大后减小,当离缝尖端扩展至钢轨正下方附近时达到最大值;在0～3 mm的范围内,轨道和路基垂向位移与加速度均随离缝高度的增大而略微增加,最大增幅分别为8%和12%;越靠近离缝界面层面,离缝高度对其冲击动力特性的影响也越显著.      

高速道岔尖轨点云的复合拼接及数据处理优化

为实现高速铁路尖轨磨耗的高效检测,结合高速尖轨的检测需求及其几何特征,提出了基于距离编码器的复合拼接方法.该方法将距离信息融合到点云拼接中,提高了检测系统的自动化程度.在计算点特征直方图（point feature histograms,PFH）的过程中,引入OpenCL（open computing language）异构加速模型调整点云的数据结构,发挥GPU的并行处理优势获得了更快的数据处理速度.利用实际尖轨开展磨耗检测实验,证明了针对高速尖轨的结构光检测系统有效可行.经过点云拼接和点云扫描数据处理的优化,系统的整体检测效率获得了70%左右的提升.      

梯形动铁式交流焊机优化设计研究

对梯形动铁式交流焊机的优化目标进行了探讨,在此基础上建立了动铁式交流焊机优化设计的数学模型,编制了计算机优化设计软件,利用该软件对焊机进行了优化设计,结果表明:利用该软件所设计的交流焊机具有较低的制造成本和较高的综合性能