Coupling Model of Vertical and Lateral Vehicle/Track Interactions

A new dynamic model of vehicle/track interaction is presented. The model considers the vehicle and the track as a whole system and couples the vertical interaction with the lateral interaction. The vehicle subsystem is modeled as a multi-body system with 37 degrees of freedom, which runs on the track with a constant velocity. The track substructure is modeled as a discretely supported system of elastic beams representing the rails, sleepers and ballasts. The normal contact forces between wheels and rails are described by Hertzian nonlinear elastic contact theory and the tangential wheel/ rail forces are decided by the creep theory. Numerical results are compared with those of conventional dynamic models of railway vehicles. Applications of the coupling model to the investigation of safety limits against derailment due to the track twist and the combined alignment and cross-level irregularities are reported at the end of the paper.     

主动底盘系统的发展趋向（上）

本文论述“主动底盘系统”范畴内两个最现实的问题:悬架咸振及四轮转向。关于悬架减振,首先探讨传统悬架的规律,然持阐述主动和半主动悬架系统对悬架可能作出的改进。对所滑“悬空阻尼”系统,着重怍了介绍。四轮转向方面首先论述了比例四轮转向、质心侧偏角补偿和可调节的四轮转向等几种基本型式的理论基础。接着介绍了现有的四轮转向系统。     

主动底盘系统的发展趋向（下）

本文论述“主动底盘系统”范畴内两个最现实的问题:悬架减振及四轮转向。关于悬架减振,首先探讨传统悬架的规律,然后阐述主动和半主动悬架系统对悬架可能作出的改进。对所谓“悬空阻尼”系统,着重作了介绍。四轮转向方面首先论述了比例四轮转向、质心侧偏角补偿和可调节的四轮转向等几种基本型式的理论基础。接着介绍了现有的四轮转向系统。     

Integrated Environmental Modeling and Assessment of Coastal Ecosystems: Application for Aquaculture Management

This article presents an approach that couples coastal ecosystem modeling with integrated environmental assessment methodologies to support coastal management. The focus is to support the development of an ecosystem approach to aquaculture management including interactions with watershed substance loading. A Chinese bay, with intense aquaculture and multiple catchment uses, and where significant modeling efforts were undertaken is used as a case study. The ecosystem model developed for this bay is used to run scenarios that test the local management strategy for nutrient reduction. The corresponding ecological and economic impacts of the managers’ scenarios are analyzed by means of the Differential Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (ΔDPSIR) analysis. Emphasis is given to the analysis of the eutrophication process in the bay including present eutrophic condition and the expected changes due to the simulated scenarios. For this purpose, the Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) screening model is a valuable tool to interpret and classify the data and model outputs regarding eutrophication condition and to evaluate the manageable level of the nutrient loading entering in the bay.     

An evaluation of Councils on Aging dial-a-ride systems in Massachusetts

In many cities and towns in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Councils on Aging are running dial-a-ride services for elderly residents. A survey of these organizations was made to determine the service characteristics of their transportation systems. While the Council on Aging dial-a-rides do not achieve productivities as high as those achieved by public transit dial-a-rides, lower operating costs are achieved on a per hour basis. Thus the costs per passenger trip are very close to those for the public transit systems. The major advantage of the Council on Aging systems is their ability to employ volunteer or inexpensive labor. These systems are thus very attractive in areas with unused volunteer resources.     

Experimental study on liquefied petroleum gas fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition engine

International Journal of Automotive Technology - EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) is one of the most effective techniques currently available for reducing NOx emissions from compression ignition...     

New energy recovery H∞ robust controller for electric bicycles

The electric controller is one of the most crucial components in an electric bicycle. The overall performance of the whole system heavily depends on the properties of the controller. The authors use the robust control theory to design a new H_∞ robust controller for the closed speed-current dual-loop driving and braking system. The designed controller also incorporates the driving and energy recovery braking circuit. Therefore, it has energy recovery ability, which coverts the kinetic energy wasted in braking into electric energy to recharge the battery. This prolongs the driving distance per battery charge. The simulations and experiments show that the new H_∞ robust controller out-performs the traditional PID controller in many respects including stability, error, responding speed and driving distance per battery charge.     

General Construction Technology Scheme of Tianshan Shengli Tunnel on Urumqi-Yuli Expressway北大核心CSCD

With a total length of about 22 km, Tianshan Shengli Tunnel on Urumqi-Yuli Expressway is currently the longest expressway tunnel under construction in the world. It adopts the construction scheme of "3 tunnels (2 D& B main tunnels and 1 TBM-driven middle pilot tunnel) + 4 shafts", which is characterized by great construction difficulty and high technical standard requirements. The tunnel construction is faced with technical challenges such as TBM passing through large fault fracture zones, long-distance construction ventilation in three tunnels, deep and large shaft construction and logistics organization in two-main tunnel construction assisted by middle pilot tunnel. In the parallel three-tunnel method design of Tianshan Shengli Tunnel, the TBM-driven middle pilot tunnel can not only play the role of advanced pilot tunnel, but also assist the construction of the two main tunnels and speed up the construction progress. For the middle pilot tunnel, the TBM excavation diameter is 8.4 m, and the initial support is designed as 100% force-bearing capacity in construction period, which can meet the requirements for two-way material transportation, ventilation and belt mucking in the pilot tunnel. Vault suspension scheme is adopted for the continuous belt conveyor, which can reduce the impact on the material flow organization in the cross passages. Multifunctional service vehicles (MSVs) independently developed by CCCC Group are used for the transportation of TBM materials and prefabricated inverted arch blocks, which can realize double-headed driving. TBM will pass through two large fault fracture zones F6 and F7. According to the stability of the surrounding rock at the tunnel face, the targeted treatment measures would be adopted. If necessary, the scheme of "steel segment + extruded concrete" shall be used for the initial support. In case of serious machine jamming or rock collapse, the heading expansion excavation method or bypass heading method shall be used. Tianshan Shengli Tunnel adopts phased forced ventilation option, and the ventilation mode is designed in stages with the change of tunnel construction stage. The fans and air pipes used are imported ones, and a ventilation management team is set up to strengthen ventilation management and ensure ventilation quality. Highly mechanized construction is used for the two D& B main tunnels, the application of equipment such as three-arm rock drilling jumbo and wet shotcrete machine is promoted, so as to reduce the number of workers and labor intensity, and improve work efficiency. The deep shafts of Tianshan Shengli Tunnel are constructed by short-section excavation and lining mixed operation method, and the initial support is lined by formwork pouring concrete, so as to realize safe and rapid excavation. According to the research results, the construction technology scheme for Tianshan Shengli Tunnel can meet the needs of tunnel construction. The research results can be directly used to guide the construction of Tianshan Shengli Tunnel, and provide reference for the construction of extra long highway tunnels in high-altitude areas. © 2022, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Development of a slip control anti-lock braking system model

This paper describes the initial phase of work carried out as part of an on going study investigating the interaction between the tyre, suspension system and an antilock braking system (ABS). The modelling, analysis simulations and integration of results have been performed using an industry standard Multibody Systems Analysis (MBS) program. A quarter vehicle model has been used together with an individual front suspension system represented by interconnected rigid bodies. The tyre model used can be integrated into vehicle handling simulations but only the theory associated with the generation of longitudinal braking forces is described here. An ABS model based on slip control has been used to formulate the braking forces described in this paper. The simulations, which have been performed braking on wet and dry road surfaces, compare the performance of two different tyres.