应对港口国监督中“新手对新船”情况的思考

由于近几年海事队伍的不断壮大,如今的港口国监督工作时常会由经验较少或相关公约知识不足的新任执法人员担当。鉴于此种情况,文中从新生效公约、船舶软件和船舶硬件三方面入手提出学习建议,使其在较短时间内进入工作角色,并能较专业地开展港口国监督工作。     

Macroscopic modeling of lane‐changing for two‐lane traffic flow

We propose a macroscopic model of lane‐changing that is consistent with car‐following behavior on a two‐lane highway. Using linear stability theory, we find that lane‐changing affects the stable region and the propagation speeds of the first‐order and second‐order waves. In analyzing a small disturbance, our model effectively reproduces certain non‐equilibrium traffic‐flow phenomena—small disturbance instability, stop‐and‐go waves, and local clusters that are affected by lane‐changing. The model also gives the flow‐density relationships in terms of the actual flow rate, the lane‐changing rate, and the difference between the potential flow rate (the flow rate that would have occurred without lane‐changing) and the actual flow rate. The relationships between the actual flow rate and traffic density and between the lane‐changing rate and traffic density follow a reverse‐lambda shape, which is largely consistent with observed traffic phenomena.     

Reducing traffic externalities by multiple-cordon pricing

The second-best congestion pricing schemes including common optimum, one cordon, and multiple cordons schemes are compared with the first-best optimum pricing scheme. A cross-subsidy effect exists in these second-best pricing models. However, the scheme with more cordons will diminish the cross-subsidy and approach an efficient and equitable outcome. The relative efficiency of a cordon pricing scheme for the case of Taipei metropolis is very high. One single cordon yields excellent performance of 93% relative efficiency. There might be some factors causing the good results: the uncongested traffic condition, the linear unit distance cost in traffic flow forming a nonlinear cost function, and the trip demands with continuous space and the same destination (the central business district) in the network.     

『八忘』有益健康

一、忘掉年龄人的生理年龄是客观的,但心理年龄则不同,它反映了人的精神状态.古人云,"人不思老,老将不至"是有道理的. 二、忘掉怨恨一个人种下怨恨的种子,就想报复,甚至千方百计琢磨报复的方法、时机,使人一生不得安宁.如能忘掉怨恨,心平气和,对长寿大有裨益.     

广东西部沿海高速公路某边坡综合治理

广东西部沿海高速公路某边坡开挖后,由于治理措施不当,加上期间遭遇暴雨及持续降雨,导致该边坡两次出现滑塌,造成很大经济损失。设计施工各方在再次勘察基础上,仔细分析了其滑塌成因。提出了刷坡、支挡、锚固、护坡相结合的综合治理措施,并付诸实施。从近几年监测结果来看,该边坡的综合治理很有效。     

考虑抽样时间间隔的特殊单臂Bandit报酬过程

应用动态规划向后归纳法和贝叶斯方法,研究了一类特殊单臂Bandit报酬过程的最优决策问题。在这个模型中,未知Bandit过程是抽样时间间隔服从负指数分布,抽样值服从Erlang(2)分布,允许在任意时刻跳转的Bandit报酬过程。讨论了这类Bandit报酬过程Gittins指数的单调性质,并在此基础上将包含这类过程的单臂Bandit报酬过程的最优决策问题简化为一个最优停止问题,构造了计算过程最优停止时间的算法。     

城市轨道交通资源的系统开发与利用

从国内外对城市轨道交通资源开发利用的成功经验来看城市轨道交通资源已成为城市获取竞争优势的重耍因素，我们国家城市轨道交通的建设时间较西方发达国家短对城市轨道交通资源在城市经济发展中的作用认识还存在着一定的局限性。随着城市轨道交通工程建设在全国各大中城市的展开．必须加课对城市轨道交通资源的认识．特别是要深刻认识城市轨道交通资源开发能促进城市经济发展的重要意义充分发挥它在促进城市轨道交通建设和推进城市发展方面的作用。城市轨道交通资源是城市轨道交通项目建设过程中派生的一种特定资源．利用它对优化和改善城市结构．     

铁路客运专线割翼箱梁预制施工技术

32m后张法双线整孔箱梁预制在铁路工程中，尤其是在客运专线施工中应用越来越多，这种箱梁结构新颖，施工工艺复杂，精度要求高，梁体自重大。在福厦铁路Ⅲ标段施工中，为解决箱梁过隧问题而开发出割翼箱梁（后浇部分翼缘板），介绍了割翼箱梁预制施工技术。     

Assessing air quality and health benefits of the Clean Truck Program in the Alameda corridor,CA

In this paper, vehicle microscopic simulation and emission models were combined with an air pollutant dispersion model and a health assessment tool to quantify some social costs resulting from urban freight transportation in the Alameda corridor that links the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to downtown Los Angeles. Traffic on two busy freeways, the I-710 and the I-110, and some heavily trafficked arterial roads was analyzed to estimate the health impacts caused by drayage truck emissions of particulate matter (PM) for four different years: 2005, which serves as a baseline for various pollution inventories, as well as 2008, 2010 and 2012. These years correspond to deadlines for the Clean Truck Program (CTP), which was put in place to improve air quality in the Alameda corridor. Results show that the health costs from particulate matter (PM) emitted by drayage trucks exceeded 440 million dollars in 2005. However, these costs decreased by 36%, 90%, and 96% after accounting for the requirements of the 2008, 2010, and 2012 CTP deadlines. These results quantify the magnitude of the social costs generated by drayage trucks in the Alameda corridor, suggest that these costs justified replacing drayage trucks operating there, and indicate that the Clean Truck Program likely exceeded its target.     

Simulation‐based estimates of delays at freeway work zones

Work zone related traffic delay is an important cost component on freeways with maintenance activities. This study demonstrates that delays may be underestimated by using the deterministic queuing theory. Computer simulation is a valuable approach of estimating delay under a variety of existing and future conditions. However, a single simulation run, which can be quite costly in terms of both computer and analyst time, produces a delay estimate for only one traffic level under one set of conditions. A method is developed in this paper to approximate delays by integrating limited simulation data, obtained from CORSIM and the concept of deterministic queuing theory, while various geometric conditions and time‐varying traffic distribution are considered. A calibrated and validated simulation model that can reflect work zone traffic operations on a segment of Interstate 1–80 in New Jersey is used to generate data for developing the proposed model. The comparison of delays estimated by the deterministic queuing model and the proposed model is conducted, while factors affecting the accuracy of the delay estimates are discussed.