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971.
Port authorities generally focus on the development of the local port area and play a minor role in the development of port hinterlands, whereas shippers, forwarders, barge and rail operators have always been involved in the port-hinterland connection. The increasing importance of intermodal hinterland networks for the competitive position of ports has urged port authorities to become active in the hinterland. This new role has already been suggested by different academics. However, limited empirical evidence exists of port authorities taking stakes in inland terminals or developing transport services. Barcelona, as one of the leading port authorities in this respect, is used as a case study in this paper. The case study provides insight in the components and execution of the hinterland strategy of Barcelona. It shows that the strategy of the port authority of Barcelona and the consequent active involvement in the hinterland has had a significant impact on attracting container volumes from distant hinterlands and improving the accessibility of the port. 相似文献
972.
A new approach that models lift and drag hydrodynamic force signals operating over cylindrical structures was developed and validated. This approach is based on stochastic auto regressive moving average with exogenous (ARMAX) input and its time-varying form, TARMAX. Model structure selection and parameter estimation were discussed while considering the validation stage. In this paper, the cylindrical structure was considered as a dynamic system with an incoming water wave and resulting forces as the input and outputs, respectively. The experimental data, used in this study, were collected from a full-scale rough vertical cylinder at the Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. The practicality of the proposed method and also its efficiency in structural modeling were demonstrated through applying two hydrodynamic force components. For this purpose, an ARMAX model is first used to capture the dynamics of the process, relating in-line forces provided by water waves;secondly, the TARMAX model was applied to modeling and analysis of the lift forces on the cylinder. The evaluation of the lift force by the TARMAX model shows the model is successful in modeling the force from the surface elevation. 相似文献
973.
B. C. Choi S. K. Choi S. H. Chung J. S. Kim J. H. Choi 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(2):183-191
Experimental and numerical analyses of laminar diffusion flames were performed to identify the effect of fuel mixing on soot
formation in a counterflow burner. In this experiment, the volume fraction, number density, and particle size of soot were
investigated using light extinction/scattering systems. The experimental results showed that the synergistic effect of an
ethylene-propane flame is appreciable. Numerical simulations showed that the benzene (C6H6) concentration in mixture flames was higher than in ethylene-base flames because of the increase in the concentration of
propargyl radicals. Methyl radicals were found to play an important role in the formation of propargyl, and the recombination
of propargyl with benzene was found to lead to an increase in the number density for cases exhibiting synergistic effects.
These results imply that methyl radicals play an important role in soot formation, particularly with regard to the number
density. 相似文献
974.
D. -H. Shin B. -H. Lee J. -B. Jeong H. -S. Song H. -J. Kim 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(1):125-130
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) utilize electric power and a mechanical engine for propulsion; therefore, the performance of
HEVs is directly influenced by the characteristics of the energy storage system (ESS). The ESS for an HEV generally requires
high power performance, long cycle life, reliability and cost effectiveness; thus, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that
combines different types of storage devices has been considered to fulfill both performance and cost requirements. To improve
the operating efficiency and cycle life of a HESS, an advanced dynamic control regime in which pertinent storage devices in
the HESS can be selectively operated based on their status is presented. Verification tests were performed to confirm the
degree of improvement in energy efficiency. In this paper, an advanced HESS with a battery management system (BMS) that includes
an optimal switching control function based on the estimated state of charge (SOC) is presented and verified. 相似文献
975.
There has been recent interest in intelligent vehicle technologies, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) or
in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), that offer a significant enhancement of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers.
However, the use of ADAS- and IVIS-based information devices may increase driver distraction and workload, which in turn can
increase the chance of traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents involving older drivers that are due to distraction,
misjudgment, and delayed detection of danger, all of which are related to the drivers’ declining physical and cognitive capabilities,
has increased. Because the death rate in traffic accidents is higher when older drivers are involved, finding ways to reduce
the distraction and workload of older drivers is important. This paper generalizes driver information device operations and
assesses the workload while driving by means of experiments involving 40 drivers in real cars under actual road conditions.
Five driving tasks (manual only, manual primarily, visual only, visual primarily, and visual-manual) and three age groups
(younger (20–29 years of age), middle-aged (40–49 years of age), and older (60–69 years of age)) were considered in investigating
the effect of age-related workload difference. Data were collected from 40 drivers who drove in a real car under actual road
conditions. The experimental results showed that age influences driver workload while performing in-vehicle tasks. 相似文献
976.
This paper presents the design optimization process of a short fiber-reinforced plastic armrest frame to minimize its weight
by replacing the steel frame with a plastic frame. The analysis was carried out with the equivalent mechanical model and design
of experiment (DOE) method. Instead of considering the whole structure, it is divided into three simpler regions to reduce
the complexity of the problem through examining its structural characteristics and load conditions. The maximum stress and
deflection of the regions that carry the normal load are calculated by the analytical mathematical form derived from an equivalent
model. The other regions loaded by contact stress are handled by FEM (finite element method), the DOE method, and the RSM
(response surface model). To optimize the design variables in both cases, the object functions derived from these calculations
are solved with a CAE (computer aided engineering) tool. This method clearly shows the mechanical and mathematical representation
of structural optimization and reduces the computing costs. After design optimization, the weight of the optimum plastic-based
armrest frame is reduced by about 18% compared to the initial design of a plastic frame and is decreased by 50% in comparison
with the steel frame. Some prototypical armrest frames were also made by injection molding and tested. The research results
fulfilled all of the design requirements. 相似文献
977.
W. M. Choi J. S. Kim H. S. Jung T. S. Kwon 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(3):383-389
As a crash energy absorber, a tube-type crash element (expansion tube) dissipates kinetic energy through the internal deformation
energy of the tube and through frictional energy. In this paper, the effects of the variation of punch angles on the energy-absorbing
characteristics of expansion tubes were studied by quasi-static tests using three punch angles (15°, 30°, and 45°). A finite
element analysis of the tube expanding process (m = τ
max
/K) was performed using a shear friction model to confirm the variation of the shear friction factor with respect to punch angles
using the inverse method. Additional analyses were performed using angles of 20°, 25°, 35°, and 40° to study the effect of
the punch angles on the internal deformation energy, frictional energy, and expansion ratio of the tubes. The results of the
experiment and finite element analysis showed that the shear friction factor was inversely proportional to the punch angles,
and a specific punch angle existed at which the absorbed energy and expansion ratio remained constant. 相似文献
978.
The accurate estimation of sideslip angle is necessary for many vehicle control systems. The detection of sliding and skidding
is especially critical in emergency situations. In this paper, a sideslip angle estimation method is proposed that considers
severe longitudinal velocity variation over the short period of time during which a vehicle may lose stability due to sliding
or spinning. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on a kinematic model of a vehicle is used without initialization of the
inertial measurement unit to estimate vehicle longitudinal velocity. A dynamic compensation method that compensates for the
difference in the locations of the vehicle velocity sensor and the IMU in on-road vehicle tests is proposed. Evaluations with
a CarSim™ 27-degree-of-freedom (DOF) model for various vehicle test scenarios and with on-road tests using a real vehicle
show that the proposed sideslip angle estimation method can accurately predict sideslip angle, even when vehicle longitudinal
velocity changes significantly. 相似文献
979.
Proportional derivative (PD) steering assistance can greatly improve the control stability of a vehicle. However, for all
PD steering methods, the discomfort associated with the need to continuously turn the steering wheel during cornering is significant.
Because the steering return phenomenon of the steering wheel stop like this is not preferable, PD steering assistance should
be extremely weak (almost 0) during normal cornering. Alternatively, during drift cornering, during which the grip area of
the tires is exceeded, PD steering assistance is helpful because the driver has good control over counter-steering. Moreover,
the use of PD steering assistance is preferable during lane changes because the response and settling of a vehicle is greatly
improved when PD steering assistance is used. Based on these considerations, a previous report examined steering method controls
in which the PD steering assistance constant was incorporated along with the drivers’ perception changes in certain driving
situations. This study aimed to determine a suitable PD steering assistance constant in relation to the driving situation.
A proper PD steering assistance constant was found to exist for specific driving situations. Based on the results of gaze
detection using an eye mark recorder, the study was able to reduce the right and left difference of the gaze at the driver
by controlling PD steering assistance using a proper PD steering assistance constant for various driving situations. 相似文献
980.
Constant velocity universal joints play a very important role in automotive drivelines. The traditional development method,
based on a physical prototype and experimenting, is time consuming and costly. This test-based method does not easily identify
rational design clues. Therefore, a virtual product development method, which is based on dynamics modeling and simulation,
is necessary. Virtual prototyping for a universal joint has been developed using the simulation software package MSC.ADAMS.
Dynamics simulation has been performed to predict and evaluate joint behaviors. This virtual product development method has
been implemented by the WanXiang Group Co., which is one of the most famous Chinese automotive component manufacturers. 相似文献