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91.
Katie Hogg María Semitiel-García Pedro Noguera-Méndez Tim Gray Sarah Young 《Coastal management》2018,46(1):58-74
Many marine protected areas (MPAs) face a multitude of threats to the ecosystems that they have been established to conserve. This study is based on 111 interviews conducted in 2013–2014 designed to discover the perceptions of stakeholders about the threats, the causes of the threats, and their responses to the threats, to a well-established MPA – Cabo de Palos - Islas Hormigas (CPH-MPA). This MPA was created to safeguard fisheries and the associated artisanal fishers, but over time it has become a tourism “hotspot.” Resilience theory, which incorporates ecological resilience, social resilience, and individual resilience, helps us to analyze stakeholders' responses to threats by categorizing them into passive, adaptive, and transformative responses. We found respondents identified four main threats – over-fishing, excessive scuba diving, pollution, and invasive species; attributed the threats to three main causes – ineffective management, poor environmental stewardship, and climate change; and expressed three kinds of responses – do nothing, adapt, or transform – with a preference for adaptation and (especially) transformation. The lesson of this study is that it shows how, unless drastic action is taken to curb recreational diving activities, the CPH-MPA is in danger of changing from a fishing reserve to a largely unregulated leisure diving venue, which is unlikely to fulfill the requirements of resilience; ecological, social, or individual. 相似文献
92.
European legislation implies the use of marginal social cost pricing in rail access charges levied on rail operators. Thus, they may include specific environmental charges to internalise the impacts of rail transport. However, when applying these principles in practice, several difficulties call for second-best settings adapted to the particularities of the rail market. In this context, few European railway administrations are already implementing rail access charges with an environmental dimension. This paper reviews the literature on the issue and assesses the current European experience in noise and air pollution rail charges. For this purpose, an analytical framework is built on the definition of four basic dimensions: charging approach, allocation of abatement efforts, degree of differentiation and intermodal approach. The qualitative examination of the existing systems suggests that the level of environmental surcharges can be generally increased given the low substitutability between rail and road and that the range of abatement possibilities should be enlarged by further differentiating charges. It is also found that the pricing scope should be adapted to achieve particular cost-efficient allocations of abatement efforts among rail operators and upstream agents. Finally, further research requirements for a quantitative assessment are defined. 相似文献
93.
Andrea Di Mascio Riccardo Broglia Roberto Muscari 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2009,14(1):19-29
Numerical simulations of incompressible flows, with and without free surface, by means of high-order Godunov-type schemes
are presented; the results are compared with the second-order essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) scheme, already implemented
and extensively used by the authors for the simulation of flows around ship hulls. Uncertainty assessment and convergence
properties are discussed for two practical test cases: the steady and unsteady laminar flow past a NACA 0012 profile with
and without incidence, and the steady free surface flow past a ship hull at model Reynolds number. The analysis is aimed to
highlight advantages and drawbacks of the numerical schemes considered herein.
This work was presented in part at the International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering—MARINE 2007,
Barcelona, June 3–4, 2007. 相似文献
94.
Transportation - Hybrid discrete choice (HDC) modeling requires indicators to allow for the identification of latent variables. An indicator usually expresses the level of agreement of a respondent... 相似文献
95.
Sustainability at Spanish ports specialized in liquid bulk: evolution in times of crisis (2010–2015)
Fernando González Laxe Federico Martín Bermúdez Isabel Novo-Corti 《Maritime Policy and Management》2019,46(4):491-507
In Spain, 28 Port Authorities of general interest moved more than 168 thousand tonnes of liquid bulk (34% of overall traffic) in 2015. Almost 82% of this amount corresponded to eight ports (G-8) that have a refinery within their facilities. This unique degree of specialization and concentration makes this set of ports an ideal sample to analyse the evolution of their sustainability levels, particularly during the crisis started in 2008 and onwards. A proprietary methodology based on Multidimensional Synthetic Indices has been used. The comparison of the findings obtained for 2010 and 2015 allows a diagnosis of the evolution of port sustainability measured through the economic, institutional, environmental and social dimensions to be established, as well as a study of the patterns of behaviour that each port has followed in this issue. 相似文献
96.
Faria Marta V. Baptista Patrícia C. Farias Tiago L. Pereira João M. S. 《Transportation》2020,47(3):1311-1337
Transportation - Considering the role of behavioral and environmental factors on road accidents and traffic intensities, the characterization of vehicle use and driver behavior opens new... 相似文献
97.
Transportation - The need to transition away from the current car-dominated transport system is well documented in sustainability, health and transportation literatures. Despite growing interest in... 相似文献
98.
Transportation - This article examines the differences in commuting length between native and immigrant employees in Spain, a relevant issue since immigrants' longer commuting times may, among... 相似文献
99.
Alonso-González María J. Cats Oded van Oort Niels Hoogendoorn-Lanser Sascha Hoogendoorn Serge 《Transportation》2021,48(4):1733-1765
Transportation - Simulation studies suggest that pooled on-demand services (also referred to as Demand Responsive Transport, ridesharing, shared ride-hailing or shared ridesourcing services) have... 相似文献
100.
The value of time for freight transport is of major importance in infrastructure-related cost–benefit analysis and yet its study has been largely neglected when compared with its passenger counterpart. In fact, one of the attributes that could decide the profitability of a project is how much can be saved if freight vehicles use new infrastructure. Despite being the primary benefit of most investments in transport infrastructure, researchers have not yet reached agreement over either the size or the nature of the values of time that should be used when evaluating projects. This article provides a review of the estimation of freight value of time through transport demand modelling and extant empirical evidence on this topic. Similarly, the bibliographic review of studies undertaken has allowed us to pinpoint the most critical issues when modelling freight transport demand and the position of various research teams regarding these aspects. Such issues include identifying the decision-maker, heterogeneity in the transport flows and transport attributes considered by decision-makers. 相似文献