自动化:中小港口面临的挑战

这是作者 2 0 0 1年在香港举行的TOC亚洲会议上所作的关于集装箱港口发展自动化的报告 ,重点回答了中小集装箱码头要不要发展自动化以及如何实现自动化的问题 ,提出了发展中小集装箱码头自动化的思路和新的方案 ,并对采用自动化技术后所带来的投资效益进行了较深入的分析和评价     

US Navy Studies on Alternative Fuel Sources and Power and Propulsion Methods for Surface Combatants and Amphibious Warfare Ships

The US Navy has been studying the technical and cost impacts associated with the availability and cost of fossil fuel contrasted with nuclear energy alternatives for surface combatants and amphibious warfare ships. Over the past 2 years these efforts have grown in maturity to examine the tactical and strategic implications of our Navy's dependence on fossil fuels from technical, economic, and military perspectives. This paper will present three major topics:

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  Background research on alternative energy sources.
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  A survey discussion of current and future power and propulsion system technologies.
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  An overview of principal Naval Sea Systems Command studies on the integration of alternative power and propulsion system technologies into notional surface combatants, submarines, and amphibious warfare ships.

Given the US Navy's dependence on fossil fuels and the expected increase in cost and reduced availability of fossil fuel, propulsion system investment decisions made today will have a profound impact on the future tactical and strategic roles of the US Navy surface fleet. This paper lays the foundation for providing robust and flexible technology decision opportunities for the Navy's future.     

Analysis of single pipeline pull-in procedure using small scale models

The structural elastic behaviour of steel pipelines during on-bottom pull-in procedure is investigated experimentally by using small scale models. Despite the lack of a sea-bed soil pipeline interaction effect in the model, it is possible to show that the unevenness of the sea-bed surface and the non-uniform distribution of friction forces can lead to large deflection bending stresses, higher than the numerical results yielded by standard software packages commonly used for design calculations. Due to foreseen difficulties in overcoming the drawbacks in practical and numerical procedures, the off-bottom pull-in operation arises as an attractive alternative even for shallow waters.     

Stabilization Control for Rider-Motorcycle Model in Hamiltonian Form

This study deals with dynamics and control of a rider-motorcycle system model in Hamiltonian form. The model is established to account for not only the motorcycle dynamics but also changes in rider's postures. Tyre forces are treated as external forces and rider's control actions contain three actuation torques. The Hamiltonian system is subject to dissipation effects due to tyre forces and rider's control torques. In addition to the total Hamiltonian, a generalized free energy is employed in formulation. Lyapunov's second method provides sufficient conditions for stability. Variable structure system (VSS) control is used to account for stabilization control exerted by the rider. Simulation results validate the proposed method.     

Train-Track Interaction and Mechanisms of Irregular Wear on Wheel and Rail Surfaces

Summary High-frequency train-track interaction and mechanisms of wheel/rail wear that is non-uniform in magnitude around/along the running surface are surveyed. Causes, consequences and suggested remedies to relieve the problems are discussed for three types of irregular wheel/rail wear: (1) short-pitch rail corrugation on tangent tracks and large radius curves, (2) wheel corrugation as caused by tread braking, and (3) wheel polygonalisation. The state-of-the-art in modelling of dynamic train-track interaction in conjunction with prediction of irregular wear is reviewed.     

Waterway traffic analysis of the Chicago River and lock

The vessel-carrying capacity of the Chicago River, Illinois, is restricted by a lock. separating the river from Lake Michigan. Currently, vessels passing through the lock experience long delays during summer months. An investigation and analysis of this system determined that although the system is now generally operating below capacity, the peak periods during summer weekends do approach capacity, and the situation is likely to deteriorate in the future. In addition, the river and lock have safety and traffic conflict problems that need attention. Recommendations to mitigate these problems are described.     

Performance Potential and Power Consumption of Slow-Active Suspension Systems with Preview

Two possible layouts of a slow-active suspension model are analysed. Optimal control laws for different actuator bandwidths and various amounts of road preview are generated, and estimates of power consumption are made. Higher bandwidth systems (10Hz) require less preview to obtain a given level of performance than those with a lower bandwidth (3Hz) but use more energy in doing so. Similar performance is available from the two systems considered, although the second uses considerably less energy to obtain that performance.     

Suboptimal Control Design of Active and Passive Suspensions Based on a Full Car Model

An optimal control design method is introduced and then applied to the optimum design of active and passive suspension systems. A basic three-dimensional 7-DOF car riding model subjected to four correlated random road inputs is considered. The design method is basically developed to allow arbitrary choice of sensors for various car state variables to be used for feedback control of each suspension unit. Previous studies show that full-state control laws and even some limited-state control laws often include feedback gains which are almost zero. Some other gains, although not zero, don't play an important role in improving the system performance measures. With the method proposed in this work, every suspension unit can have its own feedback measurements and the criterion function can be related to all state and control variables. Thus a large number of active and semi-active suspension systems with full- or limited-state control laws based on different measurement combination can be suggested, studied, and compared with each other. Instead of comparing these optimized active and semi-active suspension systems with a basic, passive suspension, the passive system itself is optimized with the same criterion. Simulations in the time domain and frequency analyses are performed, and comparisons are made among the systems in terms of r.m.s. car response measures and ISO riding comfort criterion.     

基于车激动力响应互相关指标的桥梁基础冲刷诊断方法

针对当前桥梁基础冲刷诊断和检测方法过程复杂、成本高且受环境影响大等问题，提出一种基于车激动力响应互相关指标的桥梁基础冲刷诊断方法。该方法通过桥墩和桥跨不同测点的纵向加速度响应自由衰减段信号的互相关分析，建立基础冲刷诊断指标体系，实现冲刷定位和均匀性诊断。首先，依据互相关函数幅值向量置信度判据指标进行基础冲刷初判；然后，通过响应互相关函数幅值向量因子变化率向量进行冲刷定位，再根据横桥向互相关函数幅值变化率向量诊断冲刷均匀性；并通过统计评估方法提高诊断精度；最后，结合1座连续梁桥算例进行多种冲刷工况的数值仿真分析，对所提方法的有效性和适用性进行验证。结果表明：该方法能够很好地实现基础冲刷的定位和均匀性诊断，指标具有较高敏感性；同时具有较好的抗噪性能，通过所提出诊断指标体系的综合使用可消除噪声对诊断结果的干扰。该方法具有诊断结果精度高、过程简便易行、无需进行复杂且误差较大的模态识别、允许试验测试参数和条件适量变化等优点，可嵌入常规桥梁荷载试验同步开展，具有很好的工程应用潜力和实用价值。     

The role of Mediterranean short sea shipping in the EU transport chain: The case of Greece

The European Community has provided valuable support to short sea shipping through various programs and legislation. This paper analyses the situation while focusing on the Mediterranean Sea and suggests solutions for addressing the short sea shipping problems in this special region. The biggest challenge for all sides in the comingyears will be the replacement of the existing fleet. The study presented herein gives an insightful and collective picture of the situation, while focusing on the Greek owned short sea vessels.