Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach

Suburban sprawl has been widely criticized for its contribution to auto dependence. Numerous studies have found that residents in suburban neighborhoods drive more and walk less than their counterparts in traditional environments. However, most studies confirm only an association between the built environment and travel behavior, and have yet to establish the predominant underlying causal link: whether neighborhood design independently influences travel behavior or whether preferences for travel options affect residential choice. That is, residential self-selection may be at work. A few studies have recently addressed the influence of self-selection. However, our understanding of the causality issue is still immature. To address this issue, this study took into account individuals’ self-selection by employing a quasi-longitudinal design and by controlling for residential preferences and travel attitudes. In particular, using data collected from 547 movers currently living in four traditional neighborhoods and four suburban neighborhoods in Northern California, we developed a structural equations model to investigate the relationships among changes in the built environment, changes in auto ownership, and changes in travel behavior. The results provide some encouragement that land-use policies designed to put residents closer to destinations and provide them with alternative transportation options will actually lead to less driving and more walking.

基于高斯混合隐马尔科夫模型的高速公路超车行为辨识与分析

基于驾驶模拟器实验数据,结合高斯混合隐马尔可夫模型(GM-HMM),对高速公路的超车行为进行辨识,并对驾驶员意图和超车行为是否正常进行分析。结果表明,基于GM-HMM的辨识方法能有效辨识多种驾驶工况下的不正常超车行为。     

ICT and road transportation safety in the United States: a case of “American exceptionalism”

This paper examines American attitudes about the role and structure of government and how those attitudes affect the safety potential of ICT-based road safety technologies. It examines these attitudes in the context of 3 current intelligent transportation systems (ITS) initiatives: IntelliDrive^SM, active traffic management (ATM), and automated enforcement. It concludes that cultural attitudes have a strong influence on the acceptance of such systems, and provides suggestions for how such systems might be implemented successfully.     

基于区位重要度的县乡公路网交通生成预测方法研究

通过分析县乡公路网建设与社会经济发展的相互关系,结合县乡公路网的特点,从经济发展度、连通度和导向度三个方面定义交通小区的重要度,建立基于区位重要度的县乡公路网交通生成模型。永定县县乡公路网规划实例使得该方法的合理性和有效性得到了验证。     

CBD停车需求发展探究

结合城市静态交通发展及国内外城市中央商务区（CBD）交通发展的历程,总结国内外CBD停车需求分析方法的特点,探索适应我国现阶段及未来CBD停车需求及发展趋势的分析方法,并根据我国目前的城市经济发展水平及特点,从停车政策角度出发,提出符合我国现阶段以及未来CBD停车需求的管理对策及建议,具有重要的现实意义。     

刚柔复合式路面粘结层剪应力有限元分析

层间粘结层受剪破坏或粘结失效,是引起刚柔复合式路面破坏的主要原因。采用ANSYS10.0计算软件对连续配筋混凝土刚柔复合式路面粘结层进行层间剪应力分析,明确不同工况对层间剪应力的影响效应。结果表明,车辆不同行驶状况和车辆超限超载情况对粘结层将产生很不利的影响。良好的层间接触状态更有利于层间荷载的传递和层间抗剪性能的提高,有利于延长路面的使用寿命。     

��϶�������ʹ��HOV���������о�

在拥堵的高速公路上,合乘车辆（HOV）车道是一种高效环保的交通方式. 虽然HOV车道广受采纳,但该系统的利用效率受到质疑. 加州在全州范围内 采取了一项允许混合动力车辆使用HOV车 道的政策,以期通过鼓励驾驶员使用省油汽车来减少尾气排放,同时通过更有效地利用HOV车道的剩余通行能缓解交通拥挤. 加州橘县高速公路的路网用于研究 该政策的影响及有效性. 研究方法结合使用传统的规划模型来估计交通需求及校准的微观仿真模型来评价系统性能. 通过对系统整体性能、车道服务水平和空气质量 三方面的分析,结论表明此政策对在高峰时段没有剩余通行能力的HOV车道带来严重的负面影响. 为保证HOV车道服务质量不明显下降还能减少排放,该政策最多允许50 000辆在加州注册的混合动力车辆使用HOV车道.     

Detection of captopril based on its enhanced resonance light scattering signals of fluorosurfactant-capped gold nanoparticles

In this study, based on its enhancement effect on resonance light scattering (RLS) of fluorosurfactant (FSN)-capped gold nanoparticles (GNPs), we reported a simple approach for the rapid sensing of captopril. Under optimum conditions, the lowest detectable concentration of captopril through this approach (S/N=3) was 0.01μg/mL. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.08-4.0μg/mL for the detection of captopril. The recoveries of captopril were found to fall in the range between 99% and 100%. We have validated the applicability of our method through the analyses of captopril in pharmaceutical formulations. Good agreements were obtained for the determination of captopril between the present approach and official method.     

小反应体积实时定量PCR的可行性评价

目的 从扩增稳定性、扩增效率以及可靠性等多方面评估实时定量PCR(RtPCR)反应小体积的可行性,同时确定适合小体积体系的模板量.方法 将实验分为10、15、20μL 3个体积组,每组分别采用0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4μL的大鼠cDNA为模板,进行大鼠β-actin mRNA的RtPCR扩增.通过扩增曲线和熔解曲线考察反应的稳定性,以梯度模板拟合标准曲线获得反应的扩增效率,其线性相关程度反映模板量是否合适.另外,构建大鼠降植烷诱导的关节炎(pristane-induced arthritis, PIA)模型,采用选定的反应体系,分别对模型组和正常组大鼠脾脏TNF-α mRNA进行扩增,通过TNF-α的相对表达趋势反映小体积扩增的可靠性.结果 在大鼠β-actin mRNA的RtPCR扩增中,10、15、20μL 3个体积组均能特异稳定地进行扩增,并保证高扩增效率.而且每个体积组中的模板梯度表现出很好的线性相关趋势.同时选用10μL和20μL反应体积、0.2μL模板对关节炎大鼠脾脏进行TNF-α mRNA扩增,结果一致表现出了预期的显著性上调.结论 实验证实10μL、15μL等小反应体积应用于RtPCR扩增中是可行的,具有较好的稳定性和可靠性,同时0.1～0.4μL cDNA模板在3种体系的合适模板范围内.这种较小的PCR反应体积,不仅节省了试剂和实验材料,对一些来之不易的临床标本尤为重要,也利于高通量大规模的RtPCR检测的实现.     

Performance characteristics of a supplementary stack-cooling system for fuel-cell vehicles using a carbon dioxide air-conditioning unit

In fuel-cell-powered vehicles, the fuel-cell system requires a thermal-management subsystem to dissipate heat released during the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen. When the stack generates power at a high rate, a large amount of heat is also generated. If cooling by the radiator is insufficient, a supplementary stack-cooling system is needed to maintain a safe operating temperature. In this study, the performance of a CO₂ air-conditioning unit for stack cooling was investigated under various conditions, and the relationship between cabin cooling and stack cooling was also studied. The coefficient of performance (COP) increased from 1.9 to 2.4, with an increase in cabin-air inlet flow rate from 0 to 8 m³/min. When the air-conditioning unit was turned off, the cooling capacity of the stack cooler was increased; correspondingly, as the cabin-cooling capacity was increased, that of the stack cooler decreased. With an increase in ambient-air inlet temperature from 38°C to 45°C, the COP decreased by 24%. Additionally, both the stack-cooling capacity and cabin-cooling capacity were decreased by about 12% and 16%, respectively, due to reduced heat transfer in the gas cooler as the ambient air inlet temperature was increased. It is expected that the experimental results can serve as a resource in designing a stack-cooling system using a CO₂ air-conditioning unit to enhance stack power generation and efficiency.