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21.
Abstract Recent developments in the light rapid transit sector have introduced transit modes that are attempting to imitate the performance of others, e.g. buses with tram-like characteristics. The boundaries between existing definitions of what is a bus, tram or train are becoming blurred. For transport studies and practice this requires a review of how we define modes. This is not just a matter of semantics, but has safety and competition regulation implications for system operators. This paper proposes a structure to produce rail- and bus-based transit mode definitions and typology that are appropriate for modern use. A decision tree is used to classify and define the transit modes as guided-bus, trolley-bus, light rail and tram-train and is provided with example systems. The paper provides a robust definitional framework that allows transit system promoters, operators and other interested parties to have a consistent basis of reference when specifying and comparing rapid transit systems. 相似文献
22.
<正>虽然政府频频出台新能源利好政策,希望刺激消费者购买欲望,但研究显示,仅靠政策单方面刺激很难完成到2020年累计销售500万辆新能源车的目标,需要地方政府、汽车OEM和电网公司共同致力于推动新能源汽车的成功发展,解决充电等难题,从根本上消除消费者的顾虑。"中国消费者对新能源汽车(NEV)的兴趣及购买意愿仍不足以实现中国政府新能源汽车销量的目标。"中国是全球最大的汽车市场,而汽车业如火如荼的发展也同时造成了大城市的严重交通拥堵和空气污染。随着城镇化进程的不断推进(城镇人口有望从2014年 相似文献
23.
Abstract The authors present an assessment of the Coastal Conservancy's efforts to consolidate small, substandard lots in the Santa Monica Mountains. Emphasis is placed on the ‘ ‘lessons learned’ ‘ by the Conservancy in its project experience as those lessons may be applicable to related efforts elsewhere. Finally, alternative means of lot consolidation are suggested. This assessment should be of relevance to other programs nationwide to address the problem of antiquated subdivisions. 相似文献
24.
Stephen D. Clark 《Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies》2009,17(4):381-393
This paper applies the relatively new knowledge discovery technique of Rough set analysis to identify the factors that influence the level of car ownership in a household. The study uses the detailed Great Britain National Travel Survey data set which contains information on both household and individual travel behaviour. The knowledge extraction is done using the theory of Rough sets and is presented in the form of easily understood if-then statements or rules which reveal how each attribute influences car ownership behaviour. These rules can then be used to predict household car ownership from information held about previously unseen households and the classification performance of the rules can be assessed. The performance of this classification task is shown to be on a par with other reported studies in this area. 相似文献
25.
Maintaining the maritime skills base: does the Government have a realistic strategy? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bernard Gardner Mohamed Naim Bernardo Obando-Rojas Stephen Pettit 《Maritime Policy and Management》2001,28(4):347-360
The UK has a requirement for people with seafaring expertise to fill a wide range of jobs in the maritime-related sector of the economy ashore. The pool of seagoing ships' officers has now reached the level where shore-based demand for such officers cannot be satisfied by natural wastage from this pool alone. This paper considers the implications of this for the Government's recently announced strategy for maintaining the maritime skills base. The paper concludes that it is inevitable that the Government's present strategy will fail, and suggests what measures need to be taken if the skills base is to be saved. 相似文献
26.
Stephen Plowden 《运输评论》2013,33(4):363-398
Abstract This article is derived from a report by Metra Consulting Group for the Dutch Ministry of Public Health and the Environment. The aim of Metra's study was to identify ways of reducing the environmental nuisance of urban traffic without adding excessively to transport costs. The main theme of the article is that the traditional idea of an inherent conflict between transport efficiency and the environment is mistaken. Both efficiency and the environment are threatened by the same thing: the excessive and indiscriminate use of vehicles. This comes about because of defects in the fiscal and regulatory framework within which people take transport decisions. Suitable reforms in this framework would simultaneously enhance the environment and improve access for all classes of road user. In the development of this theme, particular attention is paid to transport activities which tend to be neglected by policy makers, such as walking, cycling and urban goods distribution; and to measures which are not always thought of as instruments of policy at all, such as locational policy and development control, vehicle design, and vehicle taxation, especially of goods vehicles. 相似文献
27.
28.
过去40年里,英国政府鼓励基于公共汽车的停车换乘(P&R),并将其作为解决交通拥堵和交通污染问题的有效措施,使得此类计划的数量持续增长.为分析当前政策背景下P&R发挥的作用,从P&R作为历史名城解决交通容量不足的方法出现开始,将其发展分为了几个阶段.得出的结论是,政策目标与文献回顾中强调的P&R作用相悖;由于P&R专用... 相似文献
29.
Quantifying the benefit of responsive pricing and travel information in the stochastic congestion pricing problem 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lauren M. Gardner Stephen D. Boyles 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2011,45(3):204-218
This paper is concerned with roadway pricing amidst the uncertainty which characterizes long-term transportation planning. Uncertainty is considered both on the supply-side (e.g., the effect of incidents on habitual route choice behavior) and on the demand-side (e.g., due to prediction errors in demand forecasting). The framework developed in this paper also allows the benefits of real-time travel information to be compared directly against the benefits of responsive pricing, allowing planning agencies to identify the value of these policy options or contract terms in publicly-operated toll roads. Specifically, six scenarios reflect different combinations of policy options, and correspond to different solution methods for optimal tolls. Demonstrations are provided on both the Sioux falls and Anaheim networks. Results indicate that providing information to drivers implemented alongside responsive tolling may reduce expected total system travel time by over 9%, though more than 8% of the improvement is due to providing information, with the remaining 1% improvement gained from responsive tolling. 相似文献
30.
Stephen M. Holland 《Coastal management》2013,41(2):219-238
Abstract Artificial reef development involves pfonning from a number of perspectives including biological, océanographie, engineering, and social. This article reviews previous studies and identifies demographic variables that affect the use of artificial reefs by recreational anglers. An index of relative demand was created employing eight components: number of coastal county resident boat anglers, nonresident boat anglers, tourist boat anglers, nonboat anglers, number of fishing clubs, number of charter/party boats, number of registered pleasure boats, and the rate of county population growth. By comparing the magnitude of the index to the number of existing artificial reefs off of Florida's 35 coastal counties, an estimate of relative need was graphically portrayed on a state map. Indian River county on the Atlantic coast and Hernando, Hillsborough, Pasco, Citrus, Levy, Lee, and Charlotte counties on the central Gulf coast are the areas with the greatest demand relative to existing reef supply. 相似文献