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991.
A. Mehmood S. Laghrouche M. El Bagdouri 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2013,14(6):941-953
This paper presents a detailed physical model of an electro-pneumatic system, used to control Variable Geometry Turbochargers (VGT). The VGT actuator system consists of two parts, a diaphragm based pneumatic actuator and a solenoid based Electro-pneumatic Pressure Converter (EPC). The proposed model copes with the pressure dynamics inside the pneumatic actuator, with special focus on the EPC. The dynamics of both parts have been modeled separately and combined into one model by parameterizing the effective flow area and the air mass flow through the pneumatic actuator. The variations in volume, temperature and air mass flow rate have been taken into account. The model so obtained serves mainly for studying the effect of actuator dynamics on the global engine system. For control purposes, the detailed model is simplified to reduce the calculation load. Both models are validated using experimental data obtained from an engine test bench. 相似文献
992.
The in-wheel motor used in electric vehicles was designed and constructed for an electric direct-drive traction system. It is difficult to connect cooling water piping to the in-wheel motor because the in-wheel motor is located within the wheel structure. In the air cooling structure for the in-wheel motor, an outer surface on the housing is provided with cooling grooves to increase the heat transfer area. In this study, we carried out the analysis on the fluid flow and thermal characteristics of the in-wheel motor for various motor speeds and heat generations. In order to resolve heat release, the analysis has been performed using conjugate heat transfer (conduction and convection). As a result, flow fields and temperature distribution inside the in-wheel motor were obtained for base speed condition (1250 rpm) and maximum speed condition (5000 rpm). The thermo-flow analysis of the in-wheel motor for vehicles was performed in consideration of ram air effect. Also, in order to improve cooling effect of the motor, we variously changed geometries of housing. Therefore, we confirmed the feasibility of the air cooling for the motors of 25 kW capacity with housing geometry having cooling grooves and investigated the cooling performance enhancement. We found that the cooling effect was most excellent, in case that cooling groove direction was same with air flow direction and arranged densely. 相似文献
993.
994.
Stated choice experiments have proven to be a powerful tool in eliciting preferences across a broad range of choice settings.
This paper outlines the elements of a group-based experiment designed for interdependent urban freight stakeholders, along
with the procedure to administer the questionnaire sequentially. The focus is on the design of a computer-assisted personal
survey instrument and the value in disseminating the details of a new approach to design and collect stated choice data for
interacting agents. The paper also discusses how to specify a reference alternative, and then how to recruit appropriate real-market
or representative decision-making group members to participate in a subsequent phase of the survey, which incorporates the
reference alternative and contextual information from an initial phase. The empirical strategy, set out in some detail, provides
a new framework within which to understand more fully the role that specific attributes, such as variable user charges, influencing
freight distribution chains might play, and who in the supply chain is affected by specific attributes in terms of willingness
to pay for the gains in distribution efficiency.
相似文献
Andrew CollinsEmail: |
995.
996.
The different types of entry barrier in seaports are analysed and the policies and practices to reduce them are discussed in this paper. In most seaports, economic, regulatory, and geographical entry barriers are substantial and increasing in complexity as ports become embedded in supply chains and multilayered networks with multiple entry-levels. Various entry barriers in seaports are identified through an overview of the relevant literature and their presence is confirmed by empirical data describing them. The case is then made for lowering these barriers. This would be desirable from an economic point of view, since lower barriers strengthen the contestability of markets and increase the level of intra-port competition. The latter might yield substantial benefits, such as fostering specialization and preventing the abuse of market power. Finally, low entry barriers would facilitate the faster implementation of new technologies and business models. In the third part of the analysis, policies and practices designed to reduce entry barriers are examined. The implications are discussed of current national and supranational (EU) policy initiatives aimed to liberalize service provision in seaports. Other (de)regulatory policies that could contribute to the reduction of entry barriers are analysed. 相似文献
997.
Concepts to improve turbine generator (TG) set power density (PD) are identified, developed, and evaluated. The evaluation focuses on the TG set as a part of overall system optimization, with weight and volume penalties for special auxiliaries. PD is given priority, while other attributes such as efficiency, acoustics, and total system cost are also assessed. The strengths and weaknesses of each concept are assessed based on technical viability, potential for PD improvement, and risk. Sixty-one generator concepts over four generator types—air-cooled wound field, water-cooled wound field, permanent magnet (PM), and high-temperature superconducting (HTS)—are evaluated with three ship-level electrical distribution architectures—high-frequency AC and active- and passive-rectified DC. A prime mover of 14 MW at 7,000 r.p.m. is assumed. The study assesses generator size enabled by directly coupling the generator to the prime mover, eliminating the typical gear required in TG sets with engine speeds greater than 3,600 r.p.m. Technology approaches are described and trends in the design data are identified. Advanced PM and superconducting rotor technologies are evaluated. For the power, speed, and system requirements studied, these technologies do not differ significantly from water-cooled designs in size and weight. A water-cooled generator would be compatible with a range of future power distribution systems such as high-frequency AC, rectified DC, or 60 Hz AC (using a rectifier and an inverter). 相似文献
998.
A. Momenimovahed J. S. Olfert M. D. Checkel S. Pathak V. Sood L. Robindro S. K. Singal A. K. Jain M. O. Garg 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2013,14(1):1-11
Nanoparticle and gas-phase emission factors are presented for a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) passenger vehicle and are compared to gasoline operation. A bi-fuel LPG-gasoline vehicle certified for use on either fuel was used as the test vehicle so that a direct comparison of the emissions could be made based on fuel choice. These values were considered along with previous studies to determine the relative change in particulate emissions due to fuel choice over a wide range of vehicles and operating conditions. The vehicle examined in this study was tested on a chassis dynamometer for both steadystate and transient conditions. Transient test cycles included the US FTP72 driving cycle, Japanese driving cycle and modified Indian driving cycle while steady-state tests were done at vehicle speeds ranging from 10–90 km/hr in various transmission gears. Exhaust particle size distributions were measured in real-time using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50), and particle number and particle mass emission factors were calculated. For both fuels, the majority of the particles ranged from 5 to 160 nm in terms of particle diameter, with typically more than 85% of the particles in the nucleation mode (between 5–50 nm). In most cases, the vehicle produced a greater fraction of larger (accumulation mode) particles when fuelled on LPG. Using the data in the literature as well as the data in the current study, gasoline fuel produces 4.6 times more particles in terms of number and 2.1 times more particles in terms of mass. 相似文献
999.
Changing ownership structures in the Dutch fleet 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The new Dutch shipping policy has given rise to high expectation and curiosity in the world of shipping. This, together with the obvious difficulties of an ex-post study of the effectiveness of such innovative policy, has prompted the authors to take an interest in attempting to investigate changes in ownership of the Dutch fleet 2 years after the new policy has been introduced. To do this, a rather new concept of 'flagging out' has been adopted, which is interpreted as a process leading to different degrees of 'foreignness' in a shipping operation. In this paper, a method to structure is presented, and ownership information, and changes in it are presented, that are essentially based on the theory of stochastic processes. The data used is the Dutch fleet data, which includes information on the nationality of the flag, parent ownership and management over the period 1994-1998. The results yield interesting insights in the shifts in the ownership and operational structure of shipping companies induced by the new policy. In particular, they allow one to establish the origin of new vessels, in which stage of ownership/operation it is most likely that shifts occur, and to determine the relationship between the different stages of the 'flagging out' process. These results, thus, enable an evaluation of the areas in which the policy can be expected to yield results. 相似文献
1000.