Distribution and exchange of water masses in the Northeast Water polynya (Greenland Sea)

On the basis of classical hydrographic and nutrient analysis, water masses and their spreading in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya were investigated from RV Polarstern ARK IX (1993) data. It is shown that a local water body, East Greenland Shelf Water, occupies the top layer in the NEW and that this water is different from Polar Water exported from the Arctic Polar Ocean. Polar Water, as well as the underlying and also imported Knee Water, follows a path crossing the broad East Greenland Shelf diagonally from northeast to southwest but both waters do not enter the NEW Polynya. Intermediate waters in the NEW are also modified locally. A local source of silicate, contributing to an intermediate silicate maximum in the trough system, is identified in the centre of the anticyclonic movement over Belgica Bank. Furthermore, it is confirmed that there is no one-directional through-flow of deeper waters in the trough system. Belgica Trough and Westwind Trough contain two different water types of Atlantic origin, which are not directly related to Return Atlantic Waters. The deeper waters in Norske Trough are supplied from Belgica Trough over a sill of about 250 m depth.     

城市公共交通的整合与协调

公共交通要真正提高竞争力,有效替代私家车,最关键的一点就是确保在"门到门"的出行全过程中服务的连贯性和有效性.整个系统必须取得高度成功,而不只是其中某一部分的成功.在轨道交通方面,将电车、轻轨与区域性铁路相结合,可以在相当广的范围内提供零换乘.例举了德国科隆和波恩的轻轨网络与区域铁路(科隆--波恩--爱森巴思)的连接,说明城市轨道交通与区域性铁路交通之间的兼容性问题完全可以解决.     

Estimating commuter mode choice: A discrete choice analysis of the impact of road pricing and parking charges

Automobile use leads to external costs associated with emissions, congestion, noise and other impacts. One option for minimizing these costs is to introduce road pricing and parking charges to reduce demand for single occupant vehicle (SOV) use, while providing improvements to alternatives to encourage mode switching. However, the impact of these policies on urban mode choice is uncertain, and results reported from regions where charging has been introduced may not be transferable. In particular, revealed preference data associated with cost recovery tolls on single facilities may not provide a clear picture of driver response to tolls for demand management. To estimate commuter mode choice behaviour in response to such policies, 548 commuters from a Greater Vancouver suburb who presently drive alone to work completed an individually customized discrete choice experiment (DCE) in which they chose between driving alone, carpooling or taking a hypothetical express bus service when choices varied in terms of time and cost attributes. Attribute coefficients identified with the DCE were used in a predictive model to estimate commuter response to various policy oriented combinations of charges and incentives. Model results suggest that increases in drive alone costs will bring about greater reductions in SOV demand than increases in SOV travel time or improvements in the times and costs of alternatives beyond a base level of service. The methods described here provide an effective and efficient way for policy makers to develop an initial assessment of driver reactions to the introduction of pricing policies in their particular regions.     

隐形冠军——欧洲4款低地板城市客车对比测试

正近日,IBC国际客车测试小组在德国拜仁州小镇上对4款不同品牌的低地板城市公交车进行了对比测试。这4款车型分别是依维柯Crossway、赛特拉S415、索拉瑞斯Urbino 12、VDL Citea低地板城市公交车。此次参加测试的4款车型中,目前市场份额最大的是依维柯Crossway,这款车型被视为欧洲市场低地板客车的领导者。此     

User-Appropriate Tyre-Modelling for Vehicle Dynamics in Standard and Limit Situations

Summary When modelling vehicles for the vehicle dynamic simulation, special attention must be paid to the modelling of tyre-forces and -torques, according to their dominant influence on the results. This task is not only about sufficiently exact representation of the effective forces but also about user-friendly and practical relevant applicability, especially when the experimental tyre-input-data is incomplete or missing. This text firstly describes the basics of the vehicle dynamic tyre model, conceived to be a physically based, semi-empirical model for application in connection with multi-body-systems (MBS). On the basis of tyres for a passenger car and a heavy truck the simulated steady state tyre characteristics are shown together and compared with the underlying experimental values. In the following text the possibility to link the tyre model TMeasy to any MBS-program is described, as far as it supports the 'Standard Tyre Interface' (STI). As an example, the simulated and experimental data of a heavy truck doing a standardized driving manoeuvre are compared.     

机场自动旅客输送系统规划技术及其应用

介绍了机场自动旅客输送系统的一般规划技术.规划技术涉及交通规划、运输组织、线路设计、车站布局以及辅助设施规划等内容.该技术方法已应用于上海浦东国际机场自动旅客输送系统的前期规划阶段.本项研究有助于今后国内机场自动旅客输送系统实施建设.     

The impact of rail access on condominium prices in Hamburg

Using hedonic price functions, we study the influence of access to public railway stations on the prices of surrounding condominiums in Hamburg, Germany. The study examines the influence of rail infrastructure on residential property prices, not only of individual lines, but for the entire rail network of a metropolitan region. We test the stability of the coefficients for different sets of control variables. The study also estimates public-transit-induced increases in tax revenues due to real estate price increases for a study area outside the United States. We control for spatial dependence and numerous variables correlated with the proximity of railway stations and show that access to the public transit system of the city of Hamburg is to be rated with price increases of up to 4.6%. Such premiums for higher-income neighbourhoods and for subterranean stations tend to be higher. The premiums calculated are significantly lower than average price premiums reported in previous studies, which were mostly based on much fewer variables that rail access might be correlated to.     

An environmental comparison of repair versus replacement in vehicle maintenance

In consequence of traffic accidents car maintenance is essential. There are two maintenance options: to either repair the damaged components or replace them. Economic and environmental considerations come into making the optimal choice. This article develops a comparative environmental assessment of the options for typical non-structural damage to passenger cars using life cycle assessment. The results show that the environmental impact is generally lower when a damaged car component is repaired than when a new one is fitted. Single process steps have a significant influence on the results, and selective improvements may have an effect on the respective impacts.     

无线技术在亚洲腾飞

随着新技术给铁路通信系统提出更高的要求，无线网络被证明是一种非常受欢迎的数据传输方式。西门子公司的沃尔夫冈·西门子和安德烈·基斯特解释了无线网络是如何在最具挑战的条件下支持一系列应用的。