车辆碰撞中乘员骨盆力学响应特性的研究

本文旨在研究车辆碰撞中乘员骨盆损伤机理和年龄对碰撞响应的影响。首先开发并验证了老年人骨盆的有限元模型。其次,对比研究了3个具有不同年龄特征的骨盆模型(老年骨盆模型、中年骨盆模型GHBMC和儿童骨盆模型CHARM-10)在材料特性、生理特征、力学响应和损伤方面的差异。结果表明:具有相似生理几何尺寸的老年骨盆模型和中年骨盆模型与儿童骨盆模型相比有较大的差异。侧面碰撞实验的结果表明,3种年龄骨盆模型中,老年骨盆模型的碰撞峰值力和受力最大时位移量都最大,而碰撞中最大位移却最小。对碰撞响应数据进行拟合的结果表明,3种年龄骨盆模型的碰撞峰值力皆随冲击能量呈指数增长,而碰撞中最大位移量则随冲击能量呈线性增长。应力云图分析结果表明,骨盆在侧向冲击下最易受伤或骨折的部位是耻骨支、骶髂关节和髋臼。     

Implementation of discharging/charging current sensorless state-of-charge estimator reflecting cell-to-cell variations in lithium-ion series battery packs

This paper offers novel insights to the design and implementation of an innovative state-of-charge (SOC) estimator for the lithium-ion (Li-Ion) series battery pack. The most interesting feature of this approach is that it can utilize information from each filtered terminal voltage of the Li-Ion cells connected in series for SOC estimation of the battery pack. Without actual sensing each discharging/charging current (DCC) applied to the Li-Ion cells, it is possible to extract each DCC estimation from the corresponding filtered terminal voltages with an equivalent electrical circuit model (EECM) identification of all Li-Ion cells in the battery pack. There are two advantages to SOC estimation of the battery pack with this approach. First, the proposal can be implemented simply and effectively, reducing the computational steps required for SOC estimation. By reducing computational steps, the proposal is expected to be more cost-effective. Second, the approach guarantees an improved SOC performance, even if the battery pack results in inevitable cell-to-cell variation among Li-Ion cells. Accordingly, there are fewer differences to previously estimated DCCs among Li-Ion cells. Specifically, all values from the estimated DCCs are properly compensated for by simultaneous parameter modification according to each cell’s electrochemical characteristics. Experimental results clearly demonstrate that our DCC sensorless SOC estimator provides robust SOC performance for the battery pack. This approach considered an experimental battery pack (12S1P) connected in series using 2.6 Ah LiCoO2 cells produced by Samsung SDI.     

Automation of paratransit reservation,routing, and scheduling

Santa Clara County, California experienced a sharp growth in demand‐responsive paratransit ridership for individuals with disabilities, as a result of the passage of the 1990 Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). This paper describes an automated paratransit system for the ADA‐type paratransit operation implemented in Santa Clara County. It automated paratransit reservation, scheduling, and routing functions. The key components of this system were a digital geographic database (DGD) and an automated trip scheduling system (ATSS). Empirical evidence after one year of operation indicates numerous benefits of this automation. There were significant reductions in the paratransit operating costs and an increase in the percent shared rides. The savings in operating costs far exceeded the annualized capital cost of automation. A user survey indicates that these improvements were achieved without degradation to service quality such as vehicle on‐time performance, invehicle travel times, vehicle response to open return, and ride comfort.     

Transport economics: A personal view

The field of transportation attracts individuals from diverse backgrounds, seeking to make contributions to policy, planning, operations and strategy. Economists are one of the more visible subsets of players, who bring a specific focus to the transport problem. The key theme of this paper is economic efficiency and ways that transport economics seeks to achieve efficient outcomes in the presence of markets and institutions that to varying degrees distort the potential to fulfil this primary goal. We review some of the recent contributions to the literatures on institutional and market reform, travel choice and demand. As we enter the next century, there is a sense of promoting ‘back to basics’ (and redefinition of what skills transport specialists will require) in seeking a better understanding of the role of markets and institutions in guiding the destiny of the transport sector.     

Intermodal and international freight network modeling

The authors describe the development and application of a single, integrated digital representation of a multimodal and transcontinental freight transportation network. The network was constructed to support the simulation of some five million origin to destination freight shipments reported as part of the 1997 United States Commodity Flow Survey. The paper focuses on the routing of the tens of thousands of intermodal freight movements reported in this survey. Routings involve different combinations of truck, rail and water transportation. Geographic information systems (GIS) technology was invaluable in the cost-effective construction and maintenance of this network and in the subsequent validation of mode sequences and route selections. However, computationally efficient routing of intermodal freight shipments was found to be most efficiently accomplished outside the GIS. Selection of appropriate intermodal routes required procedures for linking freight origins and destinations to the transportation network, procedures for modeling intermodal terminal transfers and inter-carrier interlining practices, and a procedure for generating multimodal impedance functions to reflect the relative costs of alternative, survey reported mode sequences.     

欧盟汽车销售法规的启示和借鉴

<正>欧盟目前已经形成完善的汽车销售法规体系,注重保护市场各主体间的充分竞争,有效平衡了厂商和经销商的关系,保护了消费者的合法利益,对于规范我国汽车销售和售后服务市场,促进汽车产业健康发展具有重要的借鉴意义。由于有关政策规定不完善,目前我国实施的以厂商授权为核心的品牌销售制度强化了汽车厂商的垄断和控制地位,汽车厂商从新车销售、维修服务、配件供应等方面对经销商进行严格控制。《汽车品牌销售管理实施办法》中虽然有对汽车厂商的限制条款,但是过于原则和笼统且不全面,有待进一步明确、细化和调整。欧     

Effect of rear slant angle on vehicle crosswind stability simulation on a simplified car model

It is important to know the effect of the aerodynamic forces and moments on driving stability because it is responsible for the excitation and influences the response of the vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of rear slant angle of a surface vehicle on crosswind sensitivity for stability analysis. The vehicle mathematical model used to conduct a dynamic simulation was based on a simple reduced order lateral dynamics of sideslip and yaw rate motion coupled with aerodynamics model. The intention here is to compare the effect of rear slant angles response to crosswind and to rank the crosswind sensitivity ratings. The aerodynamic loads are defined as the function of the aerodynamic derivatives from the static wind tunnel tests. Result shows a 20° rear slant angle demonstrates the highest rating of crosswind sensitivity, while zero degree slant exhibits the least.     

鹦鹉洲接线工程立交匝道桥计算方法和设计要点

立交匝道桥由于其结构受力与直线桥存在差异,特别是由于弯扭耦合作用,其转矩通常比直线箱梁桥大.介绍了鹦鹉洲接线工程立交匝道桥的计算方法和特殊构造细节,如箱梁横隔板、抗扭钢筋、伸缩缝及支座选用布置等设计要点.