由于货物导致的船损事故分析

由于货物导致的船损事故主要有火灾、船体破损、船舶倾覆、船体腐蚀等，这类事故的共同特点是起因的隐蔽性、损坏的永久性、事故的可预防性等。之所以会产生由于货物导致的船损事故，主要是由于货物的积载、管理不当，以及外界环境，船舶条件的影响和限制，但人的因素为主要原因。     

Hydrographic cruises off northwest Africa: the Canary Current and the Cape Ghir region

We present hydrographic data for several sections located along the African coastline and off Cape Ghir, carried out at times of weak surface winds (October 1995 and September 1997). The main sections are near the continental slope, at mean distances between 100 and 150 km from the coastline. North of Cape Ghir (31°N) the geostrophic transport (referenced to 650 m) of North Atlantic Central Water through these sections is 3.7 and 2.0 Sv for 1995 and 1997, respectively. This confirms that a major fraction of the water transport by the Canary Current flows east, into the continental slope off northwest Africa, at latitudes above Cape Ghir. Most of this flow continues south past Cape Ghir, along the coast and probably through the eastern passages of the Canary Archipelago. A significant fraction, however, may escape through surface Ekman transport (0.3–0.5 Sv during the early fall season) and by offshore flow at Cape Ghir (1.1 Sv in September 1997, referenced to 650 m). Despite the weak winds the Cape Ghir filament was clearly visible, characterized by localized coastal upwelling associated to a cyclonic shallow structure and cold (and fresh) waters stretching offshore as a very shallow feature (50–100 m deep). The satellite images show that the surface temperature field is highly variable, in rapid response to the surface winds, always with a core region of relatively cold water and commonly with one or two associated eddies. Our results support the existence of two recirculation cells in the area: a horizontal one that connects the interior eastern boundary currents with the coastal region and a vertical one related to both wind-induced and filament upwelling. The data also show a salinity subsurface maximum at the root of the filament, linked to water inflow from northern latitudes, and a subsurface anticyclonic eddy over the Agadir canyon, likely related to the poleward slope undercurrent.     

Management of coastal eutrophication: Integration of field data, ecosystem-scale simulations and screening models

A hybrid approach for eutrophication assessment in estuarine and coastal ecosystems is presented. The ASSETS screening model (http://www.eutro.org) classifies eutrophication status into five classes: High (better), Good, Moderate, Poor and Bad (worse). This model was applied to a dataset from a shallow coastal barrier island system in southwest Europe (Ria Formosa), with a resulting score of Good. A detailed dynamic model was developed for this ecosystem, and the outputs were used to drive the screening model. Four scenarios were run on the research model: pristine, standard (simulates present loading), half and double the current nutrient loading. The Ria Formosa has a short water residence time and eutrophication symptoms are not apparent in the water column. However, benthic symptoms are expressed as excessive macroalgal growth and strong dissolved oxygen fluctuations in the tide pools. The standard simulation results showed an ASSETS grade identical to the field data application. The application of the screening model to the other scenario outputs showed the responsiveness of ASSETS to changes in pressure, state and response, scoring a grade of High under pristine conditions, Good for half the standard scenario and Moderate for double the present loadings. The use of this hybrid approach allows managers to test the outcome of measures against a set of well-defined metrics for the evaluation of state. It additionally provides a way of testing and improving the pressure component of ASSETS. Sensitivity analysis revealed that sub-sampling the output of the research model at a monthly scale, typical for the acquisition of field data, may significantly affect the outcome of the screening model, by overlooking extreme events such as occasional night-time anoxia in tide pools.     

爆炸容器内准静态气压实验研究

  目的  密闭空间内爆炸过程不仅涉及冲击波的传播和反射,还包含复杂的后燃烧效应。后燃烧效应既增强了冲击波强度,还会对最终准静态压力产生较大影响。为对约束空间内爆炸准静态超压进行预测,  方法  基于化学反应分析及能量守恒定律,推导给出一种考虑后燃烧效应内爆炸准静态超压峰值的计算模型,并将模型计算得到的准静态超压与相关文献的实验测量结果及经验公式的结果进行对比分析,以验证所提理论模型的可靠性和准确性。  结果  结果表明：理论模型计算的准静态超压峰值与文献的实验测量及经验公式的结果吻合较好;Anderson经验公式在药量体积比小于0.5 kg/m³的爆炸工况下并不适用,文献[相似文献   

基于Contourlet变换和多尺度Rentinex的水下图像增强算法

  目的  水下图像是水下视觉感知技术领域应用的基础,由于水对光的吸收以及水中颗粒对光的散射作用,使水下图像具有对比度低、边缘模糊等特点,导致图像质量下降。为此,提出一种削弱水介质对水下图像影响的图像增强算法。  方法  首先,研究了水下成像数学模型,并且依据Lambert-Beer定律推导出了未退化的图像数学模型。其次,利用红色暗通道先验（RDCP）理论得到未退化图像模型中的红色暗通道透射率图像,并通过引导滤波算法对该图像进行滤波细化处理,获得了对比度比较高的未退化图像。然后,针对去模糊后水下图像对比度仍然不理想的情况,采用对比度受限直方图均衡化算法（CLAHE）提升水下图像对比度。  结果  基于常用图像评价标准,通过实验评价了本文算法的有效性,  结论  本文算法能够显著提升水下图像信息熵、对比度和平均梯度,更能凸显图片信息的细节特征。     

编者的话

<正>全社会都在关注私人购买新能源汽车补贴政策实施细则,但至今尚未公布。私人购买新能源汽车补贴政策出台后市场前景如何?本期《私人购买新能源汽车补贴政策的市场前景》将分析市场前景不容乐观的一系列原因。     

编者的话

<正>近期,工信部制定了《节能与新能源汽车发展规划(2011年至2020年)》征求意见稿出台,引起了汽车行业广泛关注,目前正在征求意见。本刊东方时评《〈节能与新能源汽车发展规划(2011年至2020年)〉征求意见稿述评》对这一规划进     

STUDIES ON DYNAMIC CHANGES AND COMPARISONS OF SERUM SPECIFIC IGM AND IGG ANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH R

ＬｉｕＺｈｅｎｇｗｅｎ（刘正稳）；ＺｈａｎｇＣｈｅｎｇｗｅｎ（张成文）；ＬｉｕＱｉｎｇｚｈｅｎ（刘清珍）；ＨａｎＳｕｘｉａ（韩苏夏）；ＷｕＳｕｇｅ（吴素歌）ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＡＮＤＣＯＭＰＡＲＩＳＯＮＳＯＦＳＥＲＵＭＳＰＥ...     

内燃机连杆设计计算的若干理论研究

在对多种连杆大量计算的基础上，总结了连杆设计的经验，指出连杆大端对称于中心线的两侧刚度分布均匀，是保证其应力分布均匀的前提，是连杆合理设计的一个重要原则．文中提出，为了保证精度，连杆计算应采用多体接触模型，并对影响计算精度的各种因素做了分析。讨论了螺栓位置和预紧力应如何选取以及齿形制造误差对强度的影响。