Reliability Modeling and Maintenance Policy Optimization for Deteriorating System Under Random Shock

Performance degradation and random shock are commonly regarded as two dependent competing risks for system failures. One method based on effective service age is proposed to jointly model the cumulative effect of random shock and system degradation, and the reliability model of degradation system under Nonhomogeneous Poisson processes (NHPP) shocks is derived. Under the assumption that preventive maintenance (PM) is imperfective and the corrective maintenance (CM) is minimal repair, one maintenance policy which combines PM and CM is presented. Moreover, the two decision variables, PM interval and the number of PMs before replacement, are determined by a multi-objective maintenance optimization method which simultaneously maximizes the system availability and minimizes the system long-run expect cost rate. Finally, the performance of the proposed maintenance optimization policy is demonstrated via a numerical example.     

提高公路路面摊铺平整度的方法探析

公路路面施工质量和行车舒适性主要通过公路路面摊铺平整度来反映。通过对公路路面平整度的影响因素进行分析，探讨提高公路路面摊铺平整度的方法，可为相关公路施工提供参考。     

Novel experimental strategy for high resolution AFM imaging of membrane-associated bacterial toxins

Bacterial pore-forming toxins （PFTs） are essential virulence factors of many human pathogens. Knowl- edge of their structure within the membrane is critical for an understanding of their function in pathogenesis and for the development of useful therapy. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） has often been employed to structurally interrogate many membrane proteins, including PFTs, owing to its ability to produce sub-nanometer resolution images of samples under aqueous solution. However, an absolute prerequisite for AFM studies is that the samples are single-layered and closely-packed, which is frequently challenging with PFTs. Here, using the prototypical member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family of PFTs, perfringolysin O （PFO）, as a test sample, we have developed a simple, highly robust method that routinely produces clean, closely-packed samples across the entire specimen surface. In this approach, we first use a small Teflon well to prepare the supported lipid bilayer, remove the sample from the well, and then directly apply the proteins to the bilayer. For reasons that are not clear, bilayer preparation in the Teflon well is essential. We anticipate that this simple method will prove widely useful for the preparation of similar samples, and thereby enable AFM imaging of the greatest range of bacterial PFTs to the highest possible resolution.     

多元评价体系组合模型在铁路隧道变形预测中的应用

为克服传统预测模型结构单一、预测精度及稳定性不足等缺陷,提出多元体系组合预测模型的建模思路。首先,基于支持向量机、BP神经网络及ARMA模型3种单一预测模型,构建铁路隧道变形预测体系;再以均方根误差、误差平方和及平均绝对误差等为评价准则或指标,构建各预测结果的误差评价体系,求解各单项预测模型的权值贡献指数,得到最优组合权值;然后利用后验差检验、残差检验和关联度检验构建预测精度校验体系,对组合预测结果进行检验,评价预测模型的有效性;最后,结合工程实例,对多元体系组合预测模型在特大断面隧道中的变形预测效果进行检验。结果表明:多元评价体系组合模型预测相对误差值均小于2%,具有较高的预测精度,且较单一预测模型具有更高的预测精度,也一致通过相关检验,验证了多元体系组合预测模型的有效性。     

小直径盾构施工中管片纵向应力监测研究

为了探索小直径盾构法隧道在施工过程中管片纵向应力的变化规律,对北京槐房再生水厂污水隧道管片纵向应力进行了现场监测:将第976环、第1 054环管片分别设为第1和第2监测断面,2监测断面各预埋5个纵向应力计,各监测断面从本监测断面管片安装后即开始监测,当盾构掘进至第1 129环时停止监测。研究表明:1)在管片离开盾尾50环后,其纵向应力波动值小于管片拼装期间应力值的5%。2)在盾构掘进期间,管片距离盾构越远,其纵向压应力值越小。3)在管片拼装期间,管片距离盾构越远,其纵向压应力经历了先增大后减小的过程。4)管片距离盾构108环后,该管片纵向压应力趋近于0.2~0.3 MPa。5)随着盾构推进,管片纵向应力经历了4个阶段的变化过程,即周期性剧烈波动阶段—动态稳定阶段—逐渐衰减阶段—趋于稳定阶段。     

基于地基回弹因素的盾构隧道管片上浮预测

针对软弱地层盾构隧道管片脱出盾尾后出现的上浮问题,分析盾构施工过程中管片上浮的诱因,得出软弱地层中管片的上浮主要是地层应力重分布产生的地基回弹力引起的。在此基础上建立隧道开挖动态模型,分析隧道上浮量变化规律以及地层特性对管片上浮量的影响规律,得出地层弹性模量和管片上浮量呈一定的指数关系,且弹性模量对管片上浮量的影响远大于地层黏聚力和内摩擦角。通过力平衡理论计算盾构开挖引起的地层回弹力、管片上浮量以及隧道上浮影响的地层高度范围,并通过对珠江狮子洋工程管片上浮量的计算与实测对比,证明该公式的合理性,为盾构隧道工程中考虑地基抗力引起的管片上浮量预测提供一种新的方法。     

4缸柴油机停缸仿真及试验研究

采用停缸技术对小型4缸柴油机的燃油消耗率和排放进行了仿真和试验研究。利用GT-Power建立模型并模拟了停缸位置对燃油消耗率的影响,结合传热损失等因素确定了试验停缸位置。在断油式停缸和断油断气式停缸模式下进行试验和燃烧分析。试验结果表明:停缸后缸内等容度降低;断油式停缸后燃油消耗率和NOx增大但炭烟减少;断油断气式停缸后部分试验点燃油消耗率降低,但NOx和炭烟排放增加。     

乙醇汽油对车辆颗粒物排放的影响

在符合国Ⅰ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅴ标准的3辆试验车上,分别燃用国Ⅴ汽油、低芳烃E10、低烯烃E10 3种燃料,进行了NEDC和WLTC工况下的常温冷起动排放试验,重点对颗粒物(PM)排放量和粒子数量(PN)进行分析。结果表明:在两种工况下,燃用乙醇汽油相比普通汽油能大幅降低车辆的PM排放,低芳烃E10对国Ⅰ和国Ⅲ车辆PM降低效果最明显,分别下降19%和35%,低烯烃E10对国Ⅴ车辆PM降低效果最好,下降46%;在WLTC工况下燃用乙醇汽油能大幅降低车辆PN排放,其中低芳烃E10平均降低43%,低烯烃E10平均降低32%。     

超高压共轨系统轨压控制策略研究

为稳定控制超高压共轨系统中的共轨腔压力并缩短轨压控制算法的开发周期,利用AMESim/Simulink联合仿真技术建立了超高压共轨系统轨压控制仿真模型,采取前馈+PID控制算法设计了轨压控制策略,并针对轨压控制中的瞬态和稳态工况进行了仿真计算,最后在试验台架上开展了轨压跟随性测试。结果表明:所制定的前馈+PID控制算法能使轨压稳定在目标轨压附近,上下波动小于3 MPa,且轨压突变时瞬态响应时间小于0.5s,控制结果能够满足超高压共轨系统对精度和速度的需求。     

船舶海水管系的腐蚀问题及防止措施

船舶海水管系的腐蚀问题是影响使用和维修费用的重要因素。文章针对目前海水管系腐蚀情况,主要分析了船舶管系腐蚀特点和机理,并推断了的影响腐蚀的主要因素,同时提出了几种防腐措施,可供参考。