Efficiency evaluation and PM emission reallocation of China ports based on improved DEA models

The emission of particulate matter (PM) and other atmospheric pollutants in port operations and shipping have caused a huge negative impact on the environment. Consequently, how to evaluate the environmental efficiency of ports and put forward corresponding countermeasures on this basis is becoming a more important issue than ever before from the perspectives of the government, academia, and society. We construct three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models to evaluate the environmental efficiency of ports under the circumstances of environmental control, non-environmental control and PM emission through inter-ports cooperation. The innovation of the DEA models constructed in this paper lies in: (1) Setting environmental control parameters to uniformly manipulate the situations of environmental control and non-environmental control, etc.; (2) Allowing non-equal proportional change of input index, expected output and non-expected output index; (3) Setting preference coefficients for ports to admit favorable decisions; (4) Providing a distance formula of expected output for PM emission reallocation. Further, data from 11 major ports in China are collected to compare the expected output under different PM emission standards assuming the situation of environmental control and non-environmental control, port cooperation, and non-cooperative sewage discharge. The empirical results show that: (1) Ports in the eastern China (Shanghai, Ningbo, and Nanjing) have higher port efficiency; (2) Port cooperation can improve the overall expected output but it will lose its edge with the improvement of PM emission standards. (3) Ports follow the same trend of output loss regardless of favorable decisions. In the end, the author makes a summary, puts forward relevant policy suggestions and makes the recommendation for future research.     

船舶柴油机颗粒物排放控制技术研究进展

颗粒物是船舶柴油机排气中的主要污染物,严重危害人体健康和大气环境,如何降低船机颗粒物排放已成为环境保护及柴油机领域的一个重点研究方向。本文对船机排放颗粒物的组分及来源进行分析,梳理论述目前主流的颗粒物排放控制技术及DPF再生技术。认为后处理技术是今后颗粒物排放控制技术研究的重点,其中,最有效、应用最广泛的是DPF技术,复合再生技术是DPF再生过程的发展方向,提出了船机颗粒物排放控制未来需重点研究的关键技术及长远发展目标。     

线管式NTP反应器降低柴油机PM排放的研究

设计了一种线管式低温等离子体反应器,对该反应器的工作特性进行了试验研究及理论分析,并采用该反应器进行了降低柴油机排气PM的台架试验。研究结果表明,线管式低温等离子体反应器存在两种不同的放电形式,介质阻挡电晕放电和介质阻挡丝状放电,其放电形貌与工作特性显著不同。两种放电形式均可降低柴油机PM排放;介质阻挡丝状放电较介质阻挡电晕放电对PM的处理效果更好,能量利用效率也更高。当反应器放电形式为介质阻挡电晕放电时,反应器中同时存在对PM氧化分解的化学过程和对PM荷电捕集的物理过程。     

日本汽车排放法规对PM排放的技术要求研究

本文介绍了日本轻型和中型机动车PM排放要求的发展历程,重点分析了日本现行汽车排放法规对PM排放测量的技术要求,并对日本汽车PM排放要求的发展趋势进行了总结。通过对日本汽车排放法规PM排放要求的研究,对我国进一步完善相关排放法规内容及进行汽车出口认证具有积极的参考意义。     

Mesoscale subduction at the Almeria–Oran front: Part 1: Ageostrophic flow

This paper presents a detailed diagnostic analysis of hydrographic and current meter data from three, rapidly repeated, fine-scale surveys of the Almeria–Oran front. Instability of the frontal boundary, between surface waters of Atlantic and Mediterranean origin, is shown to provide a mechanism for significant heat transfer from the surface layers to the deep ocean in winter. The data were collected during the second observational phase of the EU funded OMEGA project on RRS Discovery cruise 224 during December 1996. High resolution hydrographic measurements using the towed undulating CTD vehicle, SeaSoar, traced the subduction of Mediterranean Surface Water across the Almeria–Oran front. This subduction is shown to result from a significant baroclinic component to the instability of the frontal jet. The Q-vector formulation of the omega equation is combined with a scale analysis to quantitatively diagnose vertical transport resulting from mesoscale ageostrophic circulation. The analyses are presented and discussed in the presence of satellite and airborne remotely sensed data; which provide the basis for a thorough and novel approach to the determination of observational error.     

二甲醚/柴油混合燃料降低NOx和PM的试验研究

针对D30燃料特性,对某发动机燃料供给系统和喷射系统进行了重新设计,并进行了燃用D30燃料和柴油燃料的动力性和排放性试验研究.结果表明,通过改造低压油路和调整发动机喷油泵参数后,D30混合燃料能够使发动机基本保持原机的动力性;通过对高压喷油泵的供油提前角和喷油嘴启喷压力进行调整,相对于原机,燃用D30燃料发动机NOx排放平均降幅为30%,PM排放最大降幅为87.8%.     

电磁离合器在煤机系统改造中的应用

利用电磁离合器、PM300和PLC对原有煤机系统进行改造，实现了输煤系统的自动控制，取得了显著的节能效果。     

考虑旋转效应的弹性车轮降噪效果与影响参数研究

以某款弹性车轮及其原型普通车轮为研究对象,在考虑车轮旋转带来的移动荷载效应和陀螺效应的前提下,应用2.5维结构有限元法和2.5维声学边界元法预测车轮在给定轮轨粗糙度激励下的振动和声辐射;针对40、80和120 km·h^-1三个运行速度,分析了弹性车轮的降噪机理,研究了弹性车轮橡胶层的材料参数对弹性车轮降噪效果的影响。研究结果表明：车轮旋转使得原本非0节径模态频率处的声功率峰值分叉为2个峰值,其中一个峰值频率比原模态频率高,另一个峰值频率比原模态频率低,2个峰值频率差近似等于车轮的旋转频率乘以2倍的模态节径数;在所考虑的工况下,车轮旋转对车轮声辐射的影响最高达3.2 dB(A),因此,在预测车轮的声辐射时,必须考虑旋转对预测结果的影响;如果橡胶弹性模量太小,则轮箍容易振动,从而有可能辐射比普通车轮更高的噪声;从车轮声辐射的角度,橡胶弹性模量存在一个最佳值,在这个值下,弹性车轮的声功率最低,且低于原型车轮的声功率10 dB(A)以上;增加橡胶阻尼总是有利于车轮噪声的控制,但增加阻尼产生的降噪效果随橡胶弹性模量的增大而降低;对于同一弹性车轮,随着运行速度的提升,相对原型普通车轮的降噪效果不断降低,速度从40 km·h^-1增大到120 km·h^-1,降噪效果降低达4 dB(A)以上。     

水位抬升对高铁路基动力响应与长期沉降的影响

基于Biot理论,建立了轨道-路基-多层饱和土地基耦合系统的2.5维有限元分析模型,提出了考虑实际列车循环荷载作用的路基累积沉降计算方法,分析了水位抬升、列车速度和列车轴重对路基动力响应与长期沉降的影响。研究结果表明：水位抬升对土体振动强度的放大作用并不是局限在水位变化的深度范围内,而是会导致整个路基和地基断面的振动增大,并且这种全断面式的振动放大效应随着列车速度的提高而增强;水位抬升至路基内部时,路基内部会出现显著的超静孔压,最大值达到27.52 kPa,导致有效应力大幅下降,路基内土单元的应力路径向破坏线靠近;当水位仅在地基内抬升时,路基在列车循环荷载作用下的累积变形较小,线路沉降主要来自于地基,当水位抬升至路基内部时,路基累积变形随加载次数的增加发展迅速,100万次加载后变形为19.54 mm,远超容许值,说明路基防水对于线路的长期累积沉降控制具有关键作用;路基和地基的累积变形受列车速度和列车轴重的影响,随着列车轴重的增加而显著增大,并且轴重的增加对路基累积变形的影响相较于地基更强烈,在设计时需要格外关注。     

应用PDM技术实施舰船辅机承制项目管理

分析了舰船辅机承制的特点,描述了在承制项目管理中运用PDM技术的基本方法,提出了项目管理物料清单(PMBOM)概念,并从管理和技术角度论述了必要性和可行性.