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1.
This paper reviews two road-user surveys on the use of mobile phones on the road in Finland where the mobile phone ownership rate is highest in the world (70% in August 2000). From 1998 to 1999 the proportion of drivers that chose to use a mobile phone while driving rose from 56% to 68%, while the proportion of phone using drivers who experienced dangerous situations due to phone use rose from 44% to 50%. The proportion of drivers who used their phones in some way to benefit safety on the road remained at about 55%. The youngest, novice drivers had the highest level of phone usage of all age categories. Over 48% of the interviewees believed that the government should ban the use of hand-held mobile phones while driving, and another 27% believed that all types of mobile phone use should be banned while driving. Those drivers who used their phones the most each day were more likely to want some form of restrictions, than those who had lower usage. This is a strong message to the elected lawmakers and raises the problem of exactly how regulatory bodies would go about controlling the future growth of new driver support and non-driving related communication devices in road vehicles. It was concluded that legislating for hands-free use only would be a reasonable course of action. Mandating that the current generation of equipment should be optimized for hands-free use should result in future generations of in-vehicle equipment also being optimized for hands-free use as a minimum criterion. 相似文献
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着重介绍《MARPOL 73/78》附则VI的起源和发达国家船舶柴油机氮氧化物(NOx)的排放控制技术发展状况,随着《MARPOL 73/78》附则VI的正式实施和今后国际海事组织(IMO)对《MARPOL 73/78》附则VI的进一步修订,船舶柴油机NOx的排放控制及其相关技术会受到包括轮机管理在内的相关人员越来越多的关注。 相似文献
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Claudio Mazzoleni Hans Moosmüller Hampden D. Kuhns Robert E. Keislar Peter W. Barber Djordje Nikolic Nicholas J. Nussbaum John G. Watson 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2004,9(6):477-496
Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO) emission factors (EFs) are measured with a commercial vehicle emissions remote sensing system (VERSS) during a large-scale vehicle exhaust emissions study in Las Vegas. Particulate matter (PM) EFs are simultaneously measured for individual vehicles with a newly developed PM-VERSS based on ultraviolet backscatter light detection and ranging (Lidar). The effectiveness of CO and HC EFs as proxy for NO and PM EFs for spark-ignition vehicles is evaluated. Poor correlations were found between EFs for pollutants on an individual vehicle basis indicating that high EFs for one or more pollutants cannot be used as a predictor of high EFs for other pollutants. Stronger functional relationships became evident after averaging the EF data in bins based on rank-order of a single pollutant EF. Low overlap between the highest 10% emitters for CO, HC, NO, and PM was found. These results imply that for an effective reduction of the four pollutants, inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, including clean screening, should measure all four pollutants individually. Fleet average CO and HC concentrations determined by gaseous VERSS were compared with fleet average CO and HC concentrations measured at low-idle and at high-idle during local I/M tests for spark-ignition vehicles. The fleet average CO concentrations measured by I/M tests at either idle were about half of those measured by remote sensing. The fleet average high-idle HC concentration measured by I/M tests was about half of that measured by VERSS while low-idle I/M and VERSS HC average concentrations were in better agreement. For a typical vehicle trip, most of the fuel is burned during non-idle conditions. I/M measurements collected during idling conditions may not be a good indicator of a vehicle’s potential to be a high emitter. VERSS measurements, when the vehicle is under a load, should more effectively identify high emitting vehicles that have a large contribution to the mobile emissions inventory. 相似文献
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国产摩托车排放现状及控制进程分析 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文根据百余种国产摩托车排气污染物底盘测功机工况法测试结果,建立了相应的数据库,本文综述了国产摩托车排气污染物排放现状,在对欧洲和台洲摩托车排放控制进行考察和分析的基础上,结合我国情况,提出了摩托车排放控制进程建议。 相似文献
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集装箱班轮运输业如何在追求成本经济性和服务可靠性的同时做好环境可持续性,对航运企业、港口运营商以及政府组织都提出了新的挑战。围绕集装箱班轮运输在环境层面实现可持续发展的目标,本文分别从战略、战术和运营等3个层面就措施、技术和规章制度等所做的研究进行文献综述、分析发展趋势。战略层面,从市场减排机制和政策的制定、绿色政策、... 相似文献
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在全球能源危机和温室效应加剧的大环境下,中国向世界承诺减碳目标:2030年前力争实现碳达峰,2060年前力争实现碳中和。作为节能减排的重点,重型商用车的减碳成效是“双碳”征程中的关键。重点介绍基于传统动力源的重型商用车减碳技术,包括内燃机燃烧、低摩擦、智能变速、轻量化、混合动力等技术在内的动力总成领域,以及包括天然气、含氧燃料、氢氨燃料在内的先进燃料领域。通过不同领域的技术发展以及优势互补,更加高效、低碳、清洁的内燃机仍将在重型商用车领域持续发挥重要作用。 相似文献
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为降低干线道路系统的交通排放量,基于机动车比功率改进红绿灯期间排放因子的标定方法,进而以相位有效绿灯时间为决策变量,构建使机动车排放总量最小化的干线交叉口群时空资源优化模型.分析相邻交叉口间车队延误与相位差的关系,改进以车队延误最小为目标的相位差优化模型.为验证模型,设计一个案例,根据传统方法获得参考配时方案,借助Vissim软件标定红绿灯期间的排放因子,并使用所提方法获得优化配时方案.结果显示,每种污染物绿灯期间的排放因子均明显高于红灯期间;与参考配时方案相比,优化配时方案下各交叉口车辆延误和排放量均减少8~11%.所提模型能同时降低干线交叉口群的车辆延误和交通排放量,可用于优化干线协调信号控制方案,进而缓解交通拥堵. 相似文献