Book reviews

THE SEVENTH AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT RESEARCH FORUM, by K. W. Ogden.

AIRLINE PLANNING: CORPORATE, FINANCIAL AND MARKETING by Nawal K. Taneja. Lexington, Mass., Lexington Books, 1982. 207 pp. (£19.50)

SOLVING LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROBLEMS: PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN CITIES AND REGIONS, by Charles E. Pinkus and Anne Dixson. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1981. (Hardback £20.00; paperback £8.95)

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, edited by N. K. Jaismal. Published by North‐Holland Publishing Company (U.S. $58.50)

TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING HANDBOOK (Second Edition), edited by W. S. Homburger, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1982. Prentice Hall, pp. 883.

ECONOMICS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT, by C. A. Nash. Longman, London, pp. 194. (£6.95).     

汽车碰撞试验中模拟和数字滤波器的实现

滤波是数据采集和处理的一种常用技术手段，本文就汽车碰撞试验中有关滤波的问题进行探讨，用冲激响应不变法实现了满足通道频率特性要求的实用算法，为了消除相位误差采用正反向二次滤波的方法，但它会引起幅频特性改变，并对此提出了修正的方法。     

基于时空交互模型的高速公路季节事故频次影响因素分析

为了深入了解影响高速公路事故频次的显著因素,采集2014年广东省开阳高速公路的事故、道路、交通和气象数据,以曲率和坡度同质性为原则将整条公路划分为154条路段,采用时空交互模型拟合路段季节事故数和道路设计参数、交通特征、气象因素间的内在关系。该模型不仅解释了相邻路段间的空间效应和相邻季节间的时间效应,而且还考虑了时空效应间的相互作用,有助于提高模型的拟合预测性能、减少参数估计偏倚。基于贝叶斯推断的模型估计和评价结果显示：事故数据中存在显著的时空关联和交互效应;时空交互模型比传统层级泊松模型的拟合优度更高;路段长度与事故频次线性相关,而交通量则与事故频次间存在非线性关系;高速公路交通安全性随着中、大型客、货车（三类车）比例的增加而显著提高;路段曲率、坡度越大,交通事故风险越高;风速越高、降水量越多的季节,事故频次将显著上升。研究结果可为高速公路交通安全改善方案的制定提供理论依据。     

基于动力显式有限元法的保险杠正碰数值仿真研究

阐述了汽车保险杠正碰数值仿真有限元模型的建立方法和动力显式有限元算法,并运用动力显式算法对保险杠的正碰进行了仿真,通过对不同厚度的保险杠吸能速率的研究,提出了保险杠的合理厚度范围。     

基于遗传算法的城市干道协调控制

探讨了传统解法城市干道协调控制中存在的典型问题，对城市干道协调控制中交通流在协调控制系统内各交叉口的“驶离一到达”模式进行了分析，提出了基于遗传算法的城市干道协调控制相位差优化设计方法。范例分析表明本文的方法求解结果优于传统数解法，能更准确地反映实际的交通运行情况和控制效果。     

Characteristics of new-type energy absorber for vehicle collision

A new type energy absorber was introduced, which is composed of thousands of thin ring plates with different diameters. Because it can switch the impact to thousands of shearing actions among thin ring plates inside the absorber, the impact energy is decentralized and dissipated gradually, the impact acting time is extended and the peak of acceleration is reduced obviously. Numerical simulations by finite element method (FEM) coupled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method were preformed to predict the energy absorption characteristics. Energy absorption ability with different impact velocities was studied and the effects of thickness and material of ring plates were discussed. The sled crash test was carried out to validate the result of simulations. The new type absorber is effective for collision that impact velocity is lower than 40 km/h.     

高速公路平面线形与安全关系的探讨

建立线形指标、交通量与事故间的模型是当前事故规律微观研究的主要方法，虽然在模型中纳入更多的指标能够提高的解释能力，但增加了模型的复杂性，加剧了数据采集困难．简洁的模型有时候在分析特定类型事故时反而更具优势，因此，作者在研究高速公路线形条件与事故的关系时，主要提取了平面线形的圆曲线、缓和曲线和超高等指标，重点分析平面线形与安全的关系。作者首先对国内外有关平面线形与安全关系的研究进行了简要回顾，利用贵州省贵黄、贵新两务高速公路的事故、线形、交通量数据建立了回归模型。此外，还结合具体案例，对曲线超高对行车安全的影响进行了剖析，并提出了一些针对平面线形安全问题的具体措施和建议。     

Development and validation of side-impact crash and sled testing finite-element models

Side-impact collisions are the second leading cause of death and injury in the traffic accidents after frontal crashes. Side-impact airbags, side door bars and other protection techniques have been developed to provide occupant protection. To confirm the effectiveness of protection equipment installed in vehicles, studying the degree of impact is fundamental to understand the effect of automobile collisions on the human body. Therefore, the dynamic response of the human body to traffic accidents should be analyzed to reduce the level of occupant injuries. Generally, the experimental method is complex and expensive. Recently, numerical crash simulations have provided a valuable tool for automotive engineers. This work presents full-scale and sled side-impact test finite-element (FE) models - based on the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 214 - that simulate a side-impact accident. The crash simulations utilized the LS-DYNA finite-element code. The human body's dynamic response to crashes is discussed herein. Additionally, occupant injuries were measured. To verify the accuracy of the proposed crash test and sled test FE models, simulation results are compared with those obtained from experimental tests. The comparison results indicate that the proposed crash test and sled test FE models have considerable potential for assessing a vehicle's crash safety performance and assisting future development of safety technologies.     

水泥混凝土路面板角弯沉的测点偏移影响及修正

为了分析弯沉测量结果上的差异,以水泥混凝土路面常见的2种弯沉测试方法为例,分析了板角弯沉测试时测点偏移对弯沉测试结果的影响,引入了测点偏移影响系数的概念,建立了允许偏移范围内实测弯沉的修正方法。结果表明,测点偏移对弯沉测试结果影响非常显著;测点向板内侧偏移时,2种测试方法均可引入测点纵向和横向偏移影响系数用来修正实测弯沉值,影响系数与荷载向板内移动的距离以及地基板相对刚度半径有关。因此,可以将测点偏移情况下的弯沉测试值转换为标准测点位置的弯沉值,方便了实测数据的统计处理,拓展了弯沉测试方法的应用范围,提高了弯沉测试的效率。     

海损散货船艏部舱室型线测量

海损船舶修理是修船企业重要的产值及利润增长点,而船舶首部是易海损区域,修复海损重要依据是型线图及型值表,由于很多海损船没有保存型线图或型值表,给修理工作带来不便.针对这种情况,文章结合散货船的艏部货舱特点,介绍艏部货舱型线测量的方法.