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71.
Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users.Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion. 相似文献
72.
汽车排放污染及净化对策研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
阐述汽车排放污染物的成分及其危害,介绍新排放法规Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型试验限值,重点分析汽车的5项排放影响因素及其净化措施。 相似文献
73.
Shared autonomous vehicles, or SAVs, have attracted significant public and private interest because of their opportunity to simplify vehicle access, avoid parking costs, reduce fleet size, and, ultimately, save many travelers time and money. One way to extend these benefits is through an electric vehicle (EV) fleet. EVs are especially suited for this heavy usage due to their lower energy costs and reduced maintenance needs. As the price of EV batteries continues to fall, charging facilities become more convenient, and renewable energy sources grow in market share, EVs will become more economically and environmentally competitive with conventionally fueled vehicles. EVs are limited by their distance range and charge times, so these are important factors when considering operations of a large, electric SAV (SAEV) fleet.This study simulated performance characteristics of SAEV fleets serving travelers across the Austin, Texas 6-county region. The simulation works in sync with the agent-based simulator MATSim, with SAEV modeling as a new mode. Charging stations are placed, as needed, to serve all trips requested (under 75 km or 47 miles in length) over 30 days of initial model runs. Simulation of distinctive fleet sizes requiring different charge times and exhibiting different ranges, suggests that the number of station locations depends almost wholly on vehicle range. Reducing charge times does lower fleet response times (to trip requests), but increasing fleet size improves response times the most. Increasing range above 175 km (109 miles) does not appear to improve response times for this region and trips originating in the urban core are served the quickest. Unoccupied travel accounted for 19.6% of SAEV mileage on average, with driving to charging stations accounting for 31.5% of this empty-vehicle mileage. This study found that there appears to be a limit on how much response time can be improved through decreasing charge times or increasing vehicle range. 相似文献
74.
Historic vehicles (HVs) are the heritage of road transport that have surprisingly received little attention in the academic literature. This study presents an overview of the literature on HVs, focusing on the three topics that dominate the policy debate on transport: environmental, safety and congestion impacts. We observed that polluting emissions of HVs are per kilometre much higher (often a factor 5 or more) than those of moderns vehicles. The annual average mileage per vehicle per year of HVs is much lower than other vehicles. The lower active and passive safety levels of HVs are compensated by the way these vehicles are driven, resulting in the risk factors per kilometre being roughly equal or lower than other vehicles. The contribution of HVs to congestion is negligible. However, the transport policy discourse is divided on the topic of HVs. More comprehensive and effective laws and regulation are needed to protect this aspect of the heritage of road transport whilst concurrently avoiding or limiting the problems caused by them. 相似文献
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为分析信号控制交叉口两种左转非机动车过街模式(机动车和非机动车一体化模式以及行人和非机动车一体化模式)的适用条件,在动态交通条件下,定量分析两种模式对典型两相位和四相位信号控制交叉口通行效率和安全性的单独与综合影响。在通行效率方面,选取机动车通行能力作为评价指标;在安全性方面,引入一个可比选交通设计方案的指标——交通当量冲突。通过理论与实例分析,从通行效率和安全性两方面给出了两种模式的适用性。结果表明:两种模式在上述方面均有单独优势;两相位信号控制交叉口,在相应的左转非机动车和机动车交通量条件下两种模式均能同时提高交叉口通行效率和安全性;四相位信号控制交叉口,两种模式均不能同时起到积极作用。 相似文献
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79.
文章依据KZ4AC型机车不同于国内列车供电系统的特点,设计出一套适合该机车的列车供电柜,其不仅满足绝缘距离与电气间隙、元件布置与线缆走向和电磁兼容(EMC)等电气性能要求,而且整体结构具有良好的可靠性、可维护性和安全防护性能等. 相似文献
80.
顾耀君 《城市轨道交通研究》2017,20(7)
以上海轨道交通4号线列车客室照明作为节能改造的研究对象,介绍了4号线列车客室照明系统的技术特点与4号线沿线典型运营条件。提出了采用LED(发光二极管)灯具替代荧光灯具以及在照明控制电路中嵌入光敏节能控制器的改造方案,可实现4号线列车客室照明系统55%以上的节能率。 相似文献