考虑交通运行条件影响的驾驶员特征聚类

为提升驾驶员特征聚类方法的适用性与可靠性,本文基于机动车运行轨迹分析提出考虑交通运行条件影响的驾驶员特征聚类改进方法。首先,经过对车辆运行轨迹数据的分析发现,不同道路类型和平均速度条件会显著影响驾驶行为的集计特征;其次,提出改进的驾驶员特征聚类方法,第1步设计考虑道路类型与平均速度因素的车辆轨迹的切片和分类方法,从而稳定提取典型交通条件下的驾驶行为特征参数,第2步选用高斯混合模型聚类驾驶员特征。聚类案例表明,在相同的道路类型和平均速度条件下,驾驶员类型越激进,其速度变异系数、加速度标准差和平均减速度等参数均值越高。不同聚类方法的对比表明,改进方法在驾驶员聚类的类内聚集度和类间分离度方面均表现更好,能有效提升驾驶员聚类的适用性与可靠性。     

自适应期望跟车间距和行为习惯的驾驶人跟驰模型

为满足智能车辆的个性化需求,提高智能车辆人-机交互协同的满意度和接受度,构筑双层驾驶人跟驰模型框架,提出自适应驾驶人期望跟车间距和行为习惯的个性化驾驶人跟驰模型。首先,提取个体驾驶人跟驰均衡状态的数据,采用高斯混合和概率密度函数(GaussianMixture Model and Probability Density Function, GMM-PDF)建立第 1 层模型,即驾驶人期望跟车距离模型。然后,将期望跟车距离参数引入模型,基于高斯混合-隐马尔可夫方法(GaussianMixture Model and Hidden Markov Model, GMM-HMM)学习驾驶习性,建立第2层模型预测加速度,即个性化驾驶人跟驰模型。其次,研究不同高斯分量个数对模型效果的影响,对比双层模型与 Gipps 模型、最优间距模型(Optimal Distance Model, ODM)、单层模型及通用模型的性能。最后,8位被试驾驶人的自然驾驶行为数据验证结果表明：高斯分量数量与模型性能存在一定的正相关性;在最优高斯分量数量下,8位被试驾驶人在训练集上预测误差均值为0.101 m·s-2,在测试集上为0.123 m·s-2;随机选取其中1位驾驶人的2个跟车片段数据进行模型计算,结果显示,加速度的平均误差绝对值分别为0.087 m·s-2和0.096 m·s-2,预测效果优于Gipps模型、ODM模型、单层模型及通用模型30%以上,与驾驶人实际跟驰行为的吻合度更高。     

Coupled analytical-numerical approach for determining hydrodynamic responses of breakwater with multiple OWCs

A coupled analytical-numerical approach has been developed that allows one to study the hydrodynamic responses of breakwaters of arbitrary geometry that have multiple OWCs with horizontal openings. The approach incorporates the eigenfunction of the OWC fluid domain into the boundary element method, which automatically satisfy the boundary condition at the OWC opening. As a result, the exact geometry of the OWCs no longer needs to be modelled and the number of elements will be largely reduced especially when dealing with 3D breakwaters. With the present approach, a class of 2D OWC-integrated breakwater concepts in existing literature was simulated for validation and parametric study. The approach was then applied to the 3D breakwater with multiple OWCs under slender OWC assumptions, and the numerical results obtained are compared to data from a reduced scale model test. The 2D case studies show that the present approach is able to generate accurate results on reflection and transmission, wave loads, and energy extraction efficiencies with a higher efficiency than conventional boundary element method. Comparison of 3D results with the model test results shows that the prediction of the natural frequency and the wave reflection and transmission coefficients are in good agreement.     

Validation of vessel seakeeping model tuning algorithm based on measurements at model scale

Wave-induced vessel motion prediction plays a critical role in ensuring safe marine operations. The operational limiting criteria can usually be calculated by applying presumed linearized vessel motion transfer functions based on the specified vessel loading condition, which may deviate from the real vessel condition when the operation is executed. Reducing the uncertainties of the onboard vessel loading condition can therefore improve the accuracy of vessel motion prediction and hence improve the safety and cost-efficiency for marine operations. However, parameters related to the onboard vessel loading condition can be difficult to measure directly, such as the center of gravity and moments of inertia. In addition, the hydrodynamic viscous damping terms are always subject to significant uncertainties and sometimes become critical for accurate vessel motion predictions. A very promising algorithm for the tuning of these important uncertain vessel parameters based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) that uses onboard vessel motion measurements and synchronous wave information was proposed and demonstrated previously by application to synthetic data. The present paper validates the UKF-based vessel seakeeping model tuning algorithm by considering measurements from model-scale seakeeping tests. Validation analyses demonstrate rational tuning results. The observed random errors and bias in relation to the measurement functions due to the applied simplification and linearization in the seakeeping simulations can lead to biased tuning. The importance of designing the state space and the measurement space is demonstrated by case studies. Due to the nonlinear relationship between the uncertain vessel parameters and the vessel motions, the tuning is shown to be sensitive to the mean state vector and selection of the surrounding sigma points.     

Westward moving waves or eddies (Storms) on the Subtropical/Azores Front near 32.5°N? Interpretation of the Eulerian currents and temperature records at moorings 155 (35.5°W) and 156 (34.4°W)

Three Argos buoy-years of Lagrangian data in westward-moving cyclonic eddies, or Storms, near 32.5°N, together with hydrographic measurements, have shown that Storms move westward at nearly 3 km day⁻¹. Water in eddies can be trapped and moved westward by advection within the eddy or by phase propagation of the eddy pattern, so we cannot say that the flow field (or Eulerian mean) is 3 km day⁻¹ westward. Two moorings (155 and 156) deployed in the Storm Corridor have provided a further 8 instrument-years of Eulerian data. The temperature and current records confirmed that two Storms a year passed each mooring over the 2-year measurement period. As expected, there is a lag of 1.3 month at mooring 155 (which is 102 km to the west of mooring 156) with respect to conditions at mooring 156. The progressive vector diagrams (PVDs) derived from the current meter records exhibit fairly regular X (east or zonal) and Y (north or meridional) displacement scales that repeat with semi-annual periodicity (SAP). The dominant current signal is the north component of the SAP, which reaches an amplitude of 18 cm s⁻¹ for the upper layer or near surface current record (242-m depth). The geostrophic north component values derived from altimetry were in good agreement with the upper layer current meter measurements. The large north component amplitude was not interpreted as evidence for Rossby Waves but rather due to the passage of nine eddies (eight complete) of alternate sign (cyclonic, anticyclonic) passing the mooring rigs during the 2-year deployment period. The Y scale shows that the near surface characteristic or mean maximum azimuthal speed is about 35 cm s⁻¹ for cyclonic eddies or Storms, and that this value is reduced to 4 cm s⁻¹ at 1400-m depth. The residual or mean Eulerian currents range from 8 cm s⁻¹ for the upper layer currents to 1 cm s⁻¹ for the deeper currents at 1400-m depth and are predominantly westward. Simple theoretical considerations and idealised numerical simulations show that the mean westward Eulerian current depends markedly on whether the eddy centres pass to the north or south of the rigs. This raises the question as to what do we mean by Eulerian residual currents, even for relatively long records (2 years). It is shown that the strong near surface westward current (6 km day⁻¹) measured at mooring 155 is largely due to a westward-moving eddy field with variable centre offsets. The magnitude of the near surface east–west component of flow was estimated as eastward at 2 cm s⁻¹. The north–south component of mean flow was southward at 2 cm s⁻¹. The deeper records gave a weak westward flow of 1 cm s⁻¹ but did not show a significant southward component for the mean Eulerian flow field. 7.4 float-years of Lagrangian ALACE data in the Subtropical Front region near 740 dbar gave mean east–west flows that were <0.5 cm s⁻¹. Overall, it is shown that the eddy structures propagate westward mainly by phase propagation (i.e. a westward-moving pattern with no westward advection for the current meter to measure), though plane Rossby Wave dynamics appeared inappropriate. Theoretical and modeling considerations show that a speed of 3-km day⁻¹ westward is too large a value for the self-advection of eddies due to the beta effect.     

BIM技术在铁路机务段设计中的应用

铁路机务段设计具有涉及专业多、专业接口复杂的特点,传统二维设计容易出现管线碰撞及设计缺陷。为提高设计质量,以迁建西安机务段项目为依托,对BIM技术在大型铁路工程中的应用进行探索。本项目运用Inventor、Revit、Navisworks等设计软件作为BIM设计工具,将所涉及的14个专业工程内容全部进行BIM设计。通过建立族库、各专业BIM设计、模型整合的流程,构建一个覆盖全专业的数字化仿真模型,并总结出一套机务段BIM设计流程。实现了模型可视化展示、二维出图、属性信息添加、工程量统计、碰撞检测等应用。机务段工程设计复杂,专业接口众多,运用BIM技术可直观展示设计意图,并能轻易发现各专业设计中的错、漏、碰、缺问题,为提高设计质量提供有力保障。     

金水沟特大桥弹塑性抗震分析

为了深入了解高墩大跨预应力混凝土刚构连续梁桥在罕遇地震下结构的反应特征,利用Midas/Civil软件,混凝土和钢筋分别采用Mander本构关系和修正梅内戈托与平托本构关系,建立结构的纤维模型,对金水沟特大桥进行罕遇地震下的弹塑性抗震分析。分析结果表明,纤维模型可以有效模拟结构地震下的反应,在罕遇地震下的强度与变形均满足规范,满足大震不倒的抗震设防要求,并且还有一定的安全储备;对于金水沟这类高墩大跨刚构连续梁桥,横桥向墩底为控制截面,顺桥向连续梁墩墩底、刚构墩的墩顶与墩底均为控制截面,并且结构顺桥向的地震力较横桥向更为控制结构设计。     

基于AMESim和Fluent的载流管道系统降噪研究

针对某载流管路,采用AMESim和Fluent相结合进行仿真计算,对指定管路流噪声进行计算。设计出相应的低噪声水动力管系附件,并对管路加装导流降噪装置前后进行声学分析和评估。结果表明,该导流装置改善了管道相应位置的流动状态,对于相应的管路有较好的降噪效果。     

机车紧急排风阀的研究及仿真

机车制动系统中,紧急排风阀是机车紧急制动设备的重要组成部分。现介绍装备在HXD1C电力机车法维莱制动机上紧急排风阀的结构、工作原理、理论静态分析,并且利用AMESim软件对紧急排风阀进行建模和动态仿真,从仿真结果中分析影响紧急排风阀排气速度的因素。     

Design and model test of a soft-connected lattice-structured floating solar photovoltaic concept for harsh offshore conditions

Various types of floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) devices have been previously proposed, designed and constructed with applications primarily limited to onshore water bodies or near-shore regions with benign environmental conditions. This paper proposes a novel FPV concept which can survive harsh environmental conditions with extreme wave heights above 10 m. This concept uses standardised lightweight semi-submersible floats made of circular materials as individual modules. The floating modules are soft connected with ropes to form an FPV array. We first present the conceptual design of the floats and the connection systems, including hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, and structural assessments of the floats. To verify the motion response performance, we carried out 1:60 scaled model tests for a 2 by 3 array under regular and irregular wave conditions. From the time series and response spectra, the motion characteristics of the array and the mooring responses are analysed in detail. The proposed concept exhibits excellent performances in terms of modular motions with limited wave overtopping and no contact is observed between adjacent modules under the extreme wave conditions. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable reference to developing reliable and cost-effective FPV technologies for offshore conditions.