High-speed rail's potential for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from short haul aviation: a longitudinal study of modal substitution from an energy generation and renewable energy perspective

Abstract

This paper quantifies and evaluates, utilising a ‘bottom-up’ approach, the effect on CO₂ emissions of a modal shift from short-haul air travel to high-speed rail (HSR), based on projected passenger movements, between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia during the period 2010–2030. To date, peer-reviewed studies assessing the CO₂ emissions from these competing modes of high-speed transportation have been restricted principally to a cross-sectional assessment, with a Eurocentric bias. This present comparative study seeks to address a gap in the literature by assessing, longitudinally, the CO₂ emissions associated with the proposed operation of HSR against the ‘business-as-usual’ air scenario between Sydney and Melbourne. Under the assumed 50/50 modal shift, and the Australian government's current renewable electricity target, an annual reduction in CO₂ emissions of approximately 14% could be achieved when compared with a ‘business-as-usual’ air scenario. This percentage reduction represents a 62 kt reduction in base year, 2010, and a 114 kt reduction in the final year, 2030. In total, the overall reduction achieved by such a modal shift, under the assumed conditions, during the period 2010–2030, equates to approximately 1.87 Mt of CO₂. Importantly, if the electrical energy supply for HSR operations was further ‘decarbonised’, then it follows that a greater emission reduction would be achieved.     

轮胎模态分析在整车振动问题诊断的应用应用

本文根据某车型出现的振动问题,对其匹配的26．5R25规格全钢子午线轮胎固有频率进行预测,发现在平顺性试验中出现的频率峰值与轮胎的某几阶次固有频率十分相近。同时该轮胎具有的大块花纹在20km／h的车速下,其滚动频率为26．1Hz与其振动峰值频率也十分接近,可以确认该型号的轮胎不利于该车型舒适性。     

基于模态滤波的板壳类结构空间均方振速估算方法

针对船舶、航空航天等工程领域中板、壳类结构振动噪声评价问题,将广泛应用于控制工程中的模态滤波理论引入到结构振动评估领域,建立了一种估算结构空间均方振速的新方法.该方法的特点是能在激励源信息未知的情况下,以布置在结构表面有限个振动传感器测量得到的振动响应作为主要输入,估算板、壳类结构的空间均方振速,从而评价结构的整体振动状态.依据该方法对一矩形平板结构受点力、线力和面力等3种典型的激励源作用下,通过少量结构振动测点的振动信息,分别对其空间均方振速进行了数值验证;同时利用一水下加肋圆柱壳结构进行了试验验证.数值和模型试验验证结果表明：利用该方法评估得到的振动速度谱线特征与精确解和实测值基本一致,评估误差在2 dB以内,满足工程应用精度要求.该方法可以应用于工程中板、壳类结构振动噪声评价和振动状态的在线监测评估.     

垂线平均流速流向计算方法探讨

声学多普勒流速剖面仪可以测量多层水深的流速流向数据,但目前只使用其中符合传统"六点法"的数据,多余数据被舍弃浪费。文章根据传统的"六点法"垂线平均流速流向的计算原理,给出了"多点法"计算垂线平均流速流向的计算公式。根据上海洋山港海域和招远海域实测流速资料,对采用"六点法"和"多点法"计算垂线平均流速流向的结果进行了分析比较。结果表明:"六点法"和"多点法"计算的垂线平均流速值基本相当,但垂线平均流向差值随着垂线平均流速的减小而呈增大趋势。     

基于脉动试验的某特大桥动力特性试验研究

以某特大桥为例进行脉动试验,并在此基础上对该桥的动力特性进行分析研究。通过比较该特大桥的理论频率与实测频率,证明该桥的动力性能良好,此方法应用于工程实际是完全可行的。     

卸货状态下漏斗车车体疲劳强度分析

通过漏斗车车体结构自由模态分析,确定卸货时振车器激振力的工作频率,确保冻结和板结的货物快速与完整地倾卸出;在激振力静态载荷作用下,对漏斗车车体进行静强度分析,并筛选出车体待评估焊缝;依据主S-N曲线法,对漏斗车车体关切焊缝进行结构应力分析和疲劳寿命预测,结果表明:在振车器激振力疲劳载荷作用下,车体焊缝疲劳损伤最大值为0.16,因此,建议漏斗车车体设计时,疲劳载荷工况不仅要包括ARR标准中的心盘、车钩等工况,还应考虑运用中的卸货工况.     

基于直接模态摄动法的无阻尼线性随机结构的随机振动研究(Ⅱ)——随机动力反应分析

提出了基于数论选点的直接模态摄动法,用以求解无阻尼线性随机结构的随机动力反应.以数论选点的直接模态摄动法为基础,求出随机样本的特征值和特征向量,然后利用模态叠加法,求解样本结构在样本荷载作用下的动力反应,把所有的样本反应统计分析,即求得结构的随机反应.由于在计算过程中,没有将随机反应分解为均值部分和摄动部分,因此,采用直接模态摄动法求无阻尼复合随机振动系统的反应不存在久期项问题.算例分析表明,复合随机振动系统的随机反应均值比均值荷载作用下均值结构的确定性反应要小.     

基于最小修正量法的振系物理参数识别方法

在分析振型矩阵关于质量和刚度矩阵加权正交性的基础上,利用振动频率和振型数据识别系统物理参数的最小修正量,借助Lagrange乘子法,求解约束条件下的质量与刚度矩阵误差加权范数为最小的优化问题,提出了以实测模态参数为基准的振系物理参数识别的计算方法,推导了完整和非完整2种试验模态参数情形下的物理参数识别计算表达式,给出了迭代算法,并对4自由度系统进行了模态试验及数值分析.分析结果表明:刚度矩阵和质量矩阵与真值非常接近,最大误差分别为0.086%和0.34%,因此,提出的方法具有很高的可靠性.     

Sensitivity analysis and dynamic modification of modal parameter in mechanical transmission system

Sensitivity analysis is one of the effective methods in the dynamic modification. The sensitivity of the modal parameters such as the natural frequencies and mode shapes in undamped free vibration of mechanical transmission system is analyzed in this paper. In particular,the sensitivities of the modal parameters to physical parameters of shaft system such as the inertia and stiffness are given. A calculation formula for dynamic modification is presented based on the analysis of modal parameter. With a mechanical transmission system as an example, the sensitivities of natural frequencies and modes shape are calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the dynamic modification is also carried out and a good result is obtained.     

鼓式制动器的噪声原因及模态分析

由鼓式制动器关键部件的实际工况,对鼓式制动器的制动底板、制动蹄等构件实现了对应的模态分析,分别抽选了后八阶的模态并归纳了对应的振型情况,由振型图和总结的分析列表,得到了鼓式制动器主要零部件的模态分析结果与达到固有频率的共振评价,为鼓式制动器设计阶段的结构强度分析提供了一定的侧面参考,具有实际的工程意义。