Future electricity demand from battery‐powered vehicles

An important decision faced by airline schedulers is how to adapt the flight schedule and aircraft assignment to unforeseen perturbations in an established schedule. In the face of unforeseen aircraft delays, schedulers have to decide which flights to delay, and when delays become excessive, which to cancel. Current scheduling models deal with simple decision problems of delay or cancellation, but not with both simultaneously. But in practice the optimal decision may involve results from the integration of both flight cancellations and delays. In Part I of this paper, a quadratic programming model for the integration decision problem is given. The model can formulate the integration of flight cancellations and delays as well as some special cases, such as the ferrying of surplus aircraft and the possibility of swapping different types of aircraft. In this paper, based on the special structure of the model, an effective algorithm is presented, sufficient computational experiments are conducted and some results are reported. These show that we can expect to obtain a sufficiently good solution in terms of reasonable CPU time.     

关于城市道路建设工程交通影响评价的若干思考

目前在国内还鲜有类似"城市道路建设工程交通影响评价"的提法和应用。通过将其与《建设项目交通影响评价技术标准》中所涉及的相关内容进行比较分析并总结实践经验,探讨了该项工作开展的必要性,以及所应包含的内容。     

Identifying multiclass vehicles using global positioning system data

It has been previously evidenced that global positioning system (GPS) data can be used to distinguish passenger cars from delivery trucks. In this paper, a machine learning approach is proposed to use GPS data to identify multiclass vehicles, including passenger cars, single unit trucks, and multi-trailer trucks. The method is acceleration and deceleration-based since it considers the variations of acceleration and deceleration as the most effective features to classify vehicles. The overall classification result for the three vehicle classes is about 75%. The major challenge is to distinguish single unit trucks from multitrailer trucks due to their somewhat similar mobility patterns. The paper also explores the impacts of GPS sampling frequency on vehicle classification. It is found that the proposed multiclass vehicle classification can be reasonably conducted if the data are collected frequently enough (i.e., every five seconds or more frequently) to capture the major acceleration and deceleration processes. The proposed method can be considered as a low-cost and non-intrusive approach to collect vehicle class information and to potentially supplement the existing classification schemes in urban areas.     

软岩隧道初期支护沉降机理及其工程措施研究

为解决软岩隧道开挖过程中初期支护整体下沉普遍较大的工程难题,依托郑州至西安高速铁路大断面黄土隧道及成昆铁路第三系昔格达地层软弱围岩隧道工程,通过理论计算及现场实测,对软弱围岩隧道初期支护普遍沉降较大的原因以及采取的工程措施的可靠性进行分析,得到以下成果： 1）软弱围岩隧道下沉量往往超过20 cm,现场实测的拱脚承受最大荷载为897.4 kN,初期支护整体下沉大的主要原因是拱脚压力较承载力大一个数量级; 2）锁脚锚杆靠近钢架位置的轴力最大,为55 kN。大拱脚的承压特性显著,其压力极值达到0.9～1.7 MPa; 3）增设锁脚锚杆（管）、扩大拱脚和及时闭合仰拱是控制软岩隧道初期支护沉降的关键措施。     

明挖公路隧道基坑钢支撑轴力监测与数值模拟分析

为研究深基坑开挖过程中钢支撑轴力的变化情况,以沈阳市南北快速干线隧道深17.8 m基坑工程支护体系中横向钢支撑为研究对象,对基坑开挖过程中的轴力变化值进行现场实时监测,并采用有限元软件MIDAS/GTS对不同工况下的钢支撑轴力进行模拟研究,得出各道钢支撑的轴力云图及变化规律。结果表明： 1）随着基坑开挖深度的增加,坑壁主动土压力逐渐增大,使得每道钢支撑轴力在短期内均呈线性增长趋势; 2）同一断面钢支撑全部架设完成后轴力有所衰减,其原因之一是连续墙后的土体发生了流变现象,使得土体应力重新分配并达到新的平衡。     

蒙华铁路中条山隧道高地应力F7断层软岩破碎段施工技术

为解决中条山隧道在施工至高地应力F7主干断层段时,左右线已施工完成的247 m初期支护发生严重变形开裂的问题,选取不同段落对“刚性支护一次到位”和“柔性支护释放应力后进行二次支护”2种方案进行试验,通过对监控量测数据分析和初期支护表面观察,得出以下结果： 1）软岩大变形段落采取“刚性支护一次到位”相比“柔性支护释放应力后进行二次支护”变形速率明显下降,最大收敛速率由28 mm/d下降至18 mm/d,最大沉降速率由24 mm/d下降至12.8 mm/d,释放应力时发生变形的“度”更易掌控; 2）在采取“刚性支护一次到位”的基础上,辅以优化“隧道边墙曲率”和“施工工法”等措施,能够有效控制隧道初期支护变形开裂,确保隧道结构的质量,顺利通过F7主干断层。     

隧道“关门”塌方原因的力学分析及预防对策

为向施工技术管理人员解释隧道初期支护随施工的应力变化规律,进而找出发生“关门”塌方的原因,首先说明“关门”塌方发生时的施工状况,一般采取钢架+锁脚锚杆+喷射混凝土的支护结构,塌方时松散荷载已形成; 然后按荷载-结构模型,在初期支护承担全部设计荷载的条件下,通过施工三台阶法对上、中、下3个断面采取结构力学力法分别进行内力计算及承载能力分析。结果表明: 在围岩完全松散的极限情况下,上台阶绝对安全,中台阶基本安全,下台阶开挖尤其是仰拱开挖时塌方的风险极高。针对上述问题提出预防“关门”塌方的相应对策。结论认为采取钢架+锁脚锚杆+喷射混凝土的支护形式,支护结构处于极限应力平衡状态,很容易破坏而造成隧道坍塌。     

承担全部设计荷载的隧道初期支护的设计计算方法

针对当前隧道初期支护设计存在不能承担全部设计荷载、以初期支护仰拱闭合的有利结构而不是以仰拱未闭合的最不利结构为最终设计目标而造成结构存在安全隐患以及给不出锚杆锚固力设计值和现场围岩变形很大使得采用岩体力学进行设计初期支护不具备条件的问题,提出按照“荷载-结构”的计算模型,采取结构力学力法对隧道初期支护承担全部设计荷载、对应施工“三台阶”法、对型钢钢架和喷射混凝土按变形协调条件确定各自承担荷载的比例系数、就钢架和喷射混凝土承载能力分别进行计算分析,明确在各部施工时对喷射混凝土强度以及锚杆的锚固力的要求。计算结果表明： 1）采取除中心夹角60°范围外其余均匀布置分布锚杆、采用“型钢钢架+分布锚杆+喷射混凝土”支护型式的隧道初期支护完全具有承担全部设计荷载的能力,且仰拱开挖不会威胁支护的稳定; 2）应将锚杆作为支护结构的链杆支座来确定锚杆锚固力; 3）锚杆和喷射混凝土3 h的强度对支护结构的承载能力影响很大。     

独立B型LNG棱形液舱晃荡载荷数值分析

针对独立B型棱形液舱的结构特点,采用基于Hilber-Hughes-Taylor格式的隐式直接积分法求解液舱运动,应用VOF法求解流体晃荡,结合部分单元参数的概念处理棱形液舱边界,计算了计及弹性支撑效应的独立B型液舱晃荡。通过目标船计算,发现计及弹性支撑效应的液舱晃荡载荷会略大于不计及弹性支撑效应的晃荡载荷;通过不含内部构件弹性支撑液舱、含内部构件弹性支撑液舱和含内部构件非弹性支撑液舱晃荡的比较,分析了独立B型液舱晃荡载荷的特点以及内部构件对波面的限制作用。探讨的计算方法可为独立B型棱形液舱晃荡载荷的预报和分析提供一定的参考。     

舰船保障物资优化分配方法研究*

论文针对实际应用中舰船保障物资分配的需求,提出了动态态势物资分配优化方法,建立了动态态势物资分配优化数学模型,即混合0‐1整数规划模型并提供了求解策略。同时利用项目管理方法,提出了保障物资分配项目实施方案的优化流程。