Personal exposures to PM during short distance highway travel in India

Traffic is the largest contributor (37%) to urban air pollution in India. During commuting, passengers are significantly exposed to pollutants. We carried out a study on a National Highway (NH) in India to measure personal exposure to Particulate Matter (PM) in five travel modes. PM_2.5 concentrations showed the following trend: Bus > Car FA (fresh air mode of air condition) > Bus AC > Car > Car RC (re-circulation mode of air condition). Highest and lowest concentrations of PM₁₀ were observed in Bus (134 ± 47 µg m⁻³) and Car RC (20 ± 5 µg m⁻³), respectively. The exposures were highest at the rear seats during the Bus AC journeys. In Car FA, the contribution of PM₁ to total concentrations was dominant (61%). Travel modes explained highest variabilities in PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ concentrations. In all travel modes, the highest particle counts were observed for PM_0.3–0.5. PM_>0.5–5.0 counts during Bus journeys were comparatively higher than remaining modes. Deposition doses of passengers were as high as 3.22 µg of PM₁₀ (in Bus), 0.66 µg of PM_2.5 (in Bus) and 0.06 µg of PM₁ (in Bus AC) during the ~1 h journey. Our study revealed that Car RC is the safest mode of travel, both in terms of personal exposures and PM depositions in respiratory system. The results from this study can be used to target efforts to reduce personal exposure of highway commuters.     

急性中毒现场及特殊作业场所气体采样方法

为适宜急性中毒现场和特殊作用场所的气体采样而设计了导向采样法。该法以金属活塞三通为气体导向控制器,与采气管,连接管,抽气动力,样品收集器共同组成采样系统。导向采样法设计合理,经多年现场应用,操作简便安全,采集的气样准确可靠。为急性中毒原因调查及特殊作业场所劳动卫生学评价提供了可行的采样方法。     

Time to burn: Flight delay,terminal efficiency,and fuel consumption in the National Airspace System

Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) leading to reduced en route and gate delay, greater predictability in flight planning, and reduced terminal inefficiencies has a role to play in reducing aviation fuel consumption. Air navigation service providers are working to quantify this role to help prioritize and justify ATM modernization efforts. In the following study we analyze actual flight-level fuel consumption data reported by a major U.S. based airline to study the possible fuel savings from ATM improvements that allow flights to better adhere to their planned trajectories both en route and in the terminal area. To do so we isolate the contribution of airborne delay, departure delay, excess planned flight time, and terminal area inefficiencies on fuel consumption using econometric techniques. The model results indicate that, for two commonly operated aircraft types, the system-wide averages of flight fuel consumption attributed to ATM delay and terminal inefficiencies are 1.0–1.5% and 1.5–4.5%, respectively. We quantify the fuel impact of predicted delay to be 10–20% that of unanticipated delay, reinforcing the role of flight plan predictability in reducing fuel consumption. We rank terminal areas by quantifying a Terminal Inefficiency metric based on the variation in terminal area fuel consumed across flights. Our results help prioritize ATM modernization investments by quantifying the trade-offs in planned and unplanned delays and identifying terminal areas with high potential for improvement.     

核援救舰船救生通道的防核污染方法研究

随着涉核舰船的大量使用,核援救成为舰船必须考虑的问题。本文分析防护区、救生通道的现状、存在的问题,估算3种方法在人通过通道时所附加的新风需求量,分析了3种方法的防护能力,可供涉核人员参考     

Study of the current incentive rules and mechanisms to promote biofuel use in the EU and their possible application to the civil aviation sector

This paper deals with the need of introducing biofuels for the use of the civil aviation sector, and the different possibilities of application of incentive mechanisms if the existing market conditions do not allow their direct commercialisation. After an introduction on the main features of the civil aviation impact on climate change, a historical review of the European Union regulations to promote the energy extraction from biological resources is presented. The different incentive policies around the world are revised and compared and some indications are offered on the most recommendable procedures that might be carried out in the near future.     

Enhanced, multi criteria based site selection to measure mobile source toxic air pollutants

A multi-criteria-based site selection process that was developed for the Las Vegas near-road study is used to select the most appropriate near-road measurement sites in the Detroit area. The study measures particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ?2.5 μm and mobile source air toxic compounds, and to document the rationale for selecting or rejecting specific sites. An application of this multi-criteria decision analysis may be the recent US Environmental Protection Agency rule requiring the siting of NO₂ monitors within 50 m of major roads as well as siting for the measurement of community-wide NO₂ concentrations.     

沥青面层施工质量变异性的分布特征

在现场检测和室内试验研究的基础上,分析在沥青面层施工过程中沥青混合料材料组成变化、特别是级配组成变化特点,分析现场压实厚度和空隙率变化及其分布特征,从而掌握沥青路面施工质量特征,结果表明:沥青混合料的生产级配曲线多呈S型,粒径≤0.074mm的粉料含量有着超出设计上限的趋势,摊铺机后混合料级配离析程度随着摊铺宽度而增加,现场空隙率分布变异性在摊铺机边缘最大,结构厚度分布变异性在2台摊铺机接缝处最大。     

城市客车制动管路结冰问题的研究

城市客车冬季制动管路经常结冰会导致制动失效,行车有安全隐患,为了解决这个问题,对城市客车制动管路结冰问题进行专项研究。对城市客车的行驶特点、制动系统零部件结构功能和管路安装形式进行了详细介绍,总结出城市客车制动管路结冰的4方面原因。通过理论计算与分析,提出防止制动管路结冰的4项措施,解决了城市客车冬季制动管路结冰这个问题。     

基于CFD的柴油机进气流动瞬态数值模拟与试验研究

采用经压缩修正的Jj}噌双方程湍流模型对一台车用4气门6缸柴油机的单缸换气过程、进气压缩过程进行了CFD瞬态模拟计算.结果表明,对于该柴油机,其气门叠开期发生了废气倒流入进气道现象;切向气道和螺旋气道的气流之间存在着相互影响;进气结束时在涡流以外还存在纵向的涡,在压缩行程中这些涡在高速转动的同时能量发生耗散.并将能量传递给周围流场,诱导出一个反方向的纵涡.气道稳流试验结果表明,对流量系数和涡流比的模拟计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

水中重法和表干法测量密级配压实沥青混合料密度的统计分析

压实沥青混合料试件的密度测量一直受到道路工作者的关注。由于水中重法简单、方便,在Ⅰ型密级配沥青混合料的设计、旄工和质量控制中允许采用。采用水中重法和表干法对我国沥青混凝土路面上常用的3种密级配沥青混合料,共计38个试件测量其视密度和表干毛体积密度。利用统计工具SPSS对两种方法测量的密度进行了统计分析。统计结果表明：水中重法和表干法测量的密度变异性,统计学上没有差异,但两种方法测量的密度值有显著差异。38个试件的平均视密度比平均表干密度大0．02889g／cm^3,由此计算的沥青混合料试件空隙率相差达1．1％。两种方法计算的密度差或空隙率差值与试件的吸水率成正比例关系。建议在沥青混合料配合比设计中,不再使用水中重法测量的视密度代替表干法的毛体积密度。在工程施工过程和质量检测中,只有当试件或芯样吸水率极小时或不吸水时,水中重法方能代替表干法测量试件或芯样的毛体积密度。