Correlation between automotive CO, HC, NO, and PM emission factors from on-road remote sensing: implications for inspection and maintenance programs

Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO) emission factors (EFs) are measured with a commercial vehicle emissions remote sensing system (VERSS) during a large-scale vehicle exhaust emissions study in Las Vegas. Particulate matter (PM) EFs are simultaneously measured for individual vehicles with a newly developed PM-VERSS based on ultraviolet backscatter light detection and ranging (Lidar). The effectiveness of CO and HC EFs as proxy for NO and PM EFs for spark-ignition vehicles is evaluated. Poor correlations were found between EFs for pollutants on an individual vehicle basis indicating that high EFs for one or more pollutants cannot be used as a predictor of high EFs for other pollutants. Stronger functional relationships became evident after averaging the EF data in bins based on rank-order of a single pollutant EF. Low overlap between the highest 10% emitters for CO, HC, NO, and PM was found. These results imply that for an effective reduction of the four pollutants, inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, including clean screening, should measure all four pollutants individually. Fleet average CO and HC concentrations determined by gaseous VERSS were compared with fleet average CO and HC concentrations measured at low-idle and at high-idle during local I/M tests for spark-ignition vehicles. The fleet average CO concentrations measured by I/M tests at either idle were about half of those measured by remote sensing. The fleet average high-idle HC concentration measured by I/M tests was about half of that measured by VERSS while low-idle I/M and VERSS HC average concentrations were in better agreement. For a typical vehicle trip, most of the fuel is burned during non-idle conditions. I/M measurements collected during idling conditions may not be a good indicator of a vehicle’s potential to be a high emitter. VERSS measurements, when the vehicle is under a load, should more effectively identify high emitting vehicles that have a large contribution to the mobile emissions inventory.     

一种确定高圆簧横向刚度的有效方法

文中将高圆簧简化为等截面弹性直杆，导出高圆簧横向刚度计算式，并用试验结果进行修正，提出高圆横向刚度分析方法。理论分析和试验结果表明：高圆簧横向刚度的大小取愉于高圆簧的自由高度和工作高度，即由其结构几何参数和工作载荷决定。按文中方法确定的高圆簧横向刚度理论值与试验结果间的最大误差不超过１０％，满足工程理论分析要求。     

汽车车身结构碰撞性能的试验研究

为了在碰撞事故中有效地保护乘员的生命安全，汽车首先必须具备安全车身，以确保事故中乘员的生存空间及缓和冲击，其后应配置合理的乘员约束条件，以避免或减缓乘员与车内结构二次碰撞造成的灾害。详细介绍了车身构件碰撞性能的试验方法和研究结果。     

驾驶员动视力对交通安全的影响及检测系统的研究

本文就驾驶员动视力的好坏对行车安全的影响进行了探讨,重点分析了驾驶员事故群与无事故群动视力的差异的显著性,论述了检测驾驶员动视力的必要性。同时介绍了动视力检测仪的检测原理、仪器的结构及检测方法。该仪器可以自动地对各类人员进行动视力、动静视力和静视力的检测。     

汽车轮胎结构非线性有限元分析

本文综述了轮胎力学的发展历史与现状，阐明了轮胎结构分析的几各主要方法、研究内容及其优缺点，并重点介绍了在子午三维非线性有限元结构分析方面的工作，包括轮胎的充气，竖直加载、稳态滚动、滚动阻力及温度场分析，给出了相应的算例。由于采用一些新的方法和技术，考虑了更真实的轮胎材料模型，结构和载荷，使得分析更为有效、精确，分析结果可作为轮胎的设计，试验与改进的依据。     

国内外汽车碰撞计算机模拟研究的现状及趋势

本文论述和剖析了国内外利用计算机进行汽车碰撞模拟和建立汽车、乘员及汽车安全约束系统数学模型的研究进展。提出了我国开展汽车碰撞计算机模拟研究的发展趋势和应解决的问题。     

驾驶员统计特性对人—车闭环系统响应的影响与汽车主动安全性评价

基于预瞄跟随理论，本文应用一般随机摄动法，对考虑驾驶员不确定性的人－车闭环系统进行响应分析，结合实例，说明该方法在汽车主动安全性评价中的应用。     

汽车的力学参数与稳态转向特性

本文以汽车力学参数试验台测出的数据为基础，为通过建立轮胎侧偏角，车厢侧倾角，回正力矩与侧向加速度之间的关系，运用最小二乘法对测试数据进行线性曲线拟合，找出了这些数据与汽车记转向特性之间的关系，并按国家标准ＧＢ／Ｔ３０４７－９１中的有关规定对被测试车辆的稳态转向特性进行了评价 。     

车用催化转化器流动阻力影响因素的研究

流动阻力是车用催化转化器的重要性能之一。作者对载体结构参数，入口扩张管和出口收这三个因素进行了试验研究，并对载体通道的流动进行了理论分析，提出了一种计算载体流动阻力的方法。研究结果表明，载体结构参数和扩张管锥角对流动阻力影响显著，而收缩管锥角的影响不明显，在载体结构参数中，减小载体壁厚是降低催化器阻力的有效措施。     

轿车悬架阻尼二阶最优控制设计方法研究

本文以半动悬架与二阶最优控制理论为基础，通过被动悬架阻尼的主动力表示，结合对最优控制力的分解以及最优评价指标，振动加速功率谱密函数与系统振动阻尼之间的关系的研究，建立了多自由度汽车振动系统在随机输入下以振动加速度功率谱密度函数极小为目标的悬架最优减振器阻尼参数的方法，并给出了７自由汽车振动最优减振器阻尼设计实例。