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Claudio Mazzoleni Hans Moosmüller Hampden D. Kuhns Robert E. Keislar Peter W. Barber Djordje Nikolic Nicholas J. Nussbaum John G. Watson 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2004,9(6):477-496
Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO) emission factors (EFs) are measured with a commercial vehicle emissions remote sensing system (VERSS) during a large-scale vehicle exhaust emissions study in Las Vegas. Particulate matter (PM) EFs are simultaneously measured for individual vehicles with a newly developed PM-VERSS based on ultraviolet backscatter light detection and ranging (Lidar). The effectiveness of CO and HC EFs as proxy for NO and PM EFs for spark-ignition vehicles is evaluated. Poor correlations were found between EFs for pollutants on an individual vehicle basis indicating that high EFs for one or more pollutants cannot be used as a predictor of high EFs for other pollutants. Stronger functional relationships became evident after averaging the EF data in bins based on rank-order of a single pollutant EF. Low overlap between the highest 10% emitters for CO, HC, NO, and PM was found. These results imply that for an effective reduction of the four pollutants, inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, including clean screening, should measure all four pollutants individually. Fleet average CO and HC concentrations determined by gaseous VERSS were compared with fleet average CO and HC concentrations measured at low-idle and at high-idle during local I/M tests for spark-ignition vehicles. The fleet average CO concentrations measured by I/M tests at either idle were about half of those measured by remote sensing. The fleet average high-idle HC concentration measured by I/M tests was about half of that measured by VERSS while low-idle I/M and VERSS HC average concentrations were in better agreement. For a typical vehicle trip, most of the fuel is burned during non-idle conditions. I/M measurements collected during idling conditions may not be a good indicator of a vehicle’s potential to be a high emitter. VERSS measurements, when the vehicle is under a load, should more effectively identify high emitting vehicles that have a large contribution to the mobile emissions inventory. 相似文献
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汽车轮胎结构非线性有限元分析 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
本文综述了轮胎力学的发展历史与现状,阐明了轮胎结构分析的几各主要方法、研究内容及其优缺点,并重点介绍了在子午三维非线性有限元结构分析方面的工作,包括轮胎的充气,竖直加载、稳态滚动、滚动阻力及温度场分析,给出了相应的算例。由于采用一些新的方法和技术,考虑了更真实的轮胎材料模型,结构和载荷,使得分析更为有效、精确,分析结果可作为轮胎的设计,试验与改进的依据。 相似文献
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国内外汽车碰撞计算机模拟研究的现状及趋势 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
本文论述和剖析了国内外利用计算机进行汽车碰撞模拟和建立汽车、乘员及汽车安全约束系统数学模型的研究进展。提出了我国开展汽车碰撞计算机模拟研究的发展趋势和应解决的问题。 相似文献
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汽车的力学参数与稳态转向特性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文以汽车力学参数试验台测出的数据为基础,为通过建立轮胎侧偏角,车厢侧倾角,回正力矩与侧向加速度之间的关系,运用最小二乘法对测试数据进行线性曲线拟合,找出了这些数据与汽车记转向特性之间的关系,并按国家标准GB/T3047-91中的有关规定对被测试车辆的稳态转向特性进行了评价 。 相似文献