Thermal design of automobile exhaust based thermoelectric generators: Objectives and challenges

The potential for thermoelectric power generation (via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles) to displace alternators and/or provide additional charging to a vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric material processing. In gasoline fueled vehicles (GFVs), about 40% of fuel energy is wasted in exhaust heat, while a smaller amount of energy (30%) is ejected through the engine coolant. Therefore, exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) have been a focus for GFV applications since the late 1980s. The conversion efficiency of modern thermoelectric materials has increased more than three-fold in the last two decades; however, disputes as to the thermal design of ETEG systems has kept their overall efficiency at limited and insufficient values. There are many challenges in the thermal design of ETEG systems, such as increasing the efficiency of the heat exchangers (hot box and cold plate), maintaining a sufficient temperature difference across the thermoelectric modules during different operating conditions, and reducing thermal losses through the system as a whole. This paper focuses on a review of the main aspects of thermal design of ETEG systems through various investigations performed over the past twenty years. This paper is organized as follows: first, the construction of a typical ETEG is described. The heat balance and efficiency of ETEG are then discussed. Then, the third section of this paper emphasizes the main objectives and challenges for designing efficient ETEG systems. Finally, a review of ETEG research activities over the last twenty years is presented to focus on methods used by the research community to address such challenges.     

陕西省高速公路轴载特性区域划分

路面结构设计中一般是结合实测轴载数据计算累计当量轴次,但是新建和改建路面设计中实测轴载数据的调查往往难以实现,导致预测交通量无法准确表征实际交通状况。针对此问题,通过对陕西省18条高速路段的车流量数据和6条典型高速路段的实测轴载数据进行比对,分析其车型分布规律、轴型分布规律以及轴载分布规律的区域特征,为利用轴载特性相似区域的已知轴载调查数据预测交通量提供理论依据。研究结果表明:西安周边地区小客车占比明显高于其他类型车辆占比,通往外省地区拖挂车占比与小客车占比接近;西安周边地区以轻型拖挂车为主,通往外省地区以重型拖挂车为主;2个区域的超载比例差异明显,通往外省地区高速路段的超载比例多数是西安周边地区的2倍。     

汽车实用性质量评价系统（APQAS）的设计与应用

APQAS（Automobile Practical Quality Assessment System)对汽车售后服务中搜索的实用性质量信息，按汽车故障学原理分类编码建立大样本的实用性质量信息数据库，并根据《汽车产品质量检验评定》标准，运用数据统计分析方法，全面分析评价汽车产品的总体质量，设计质量和生产质量，由于APQAS的质量评价具有明显的滞后性，其不能代产品质量试验性评价，两的有机结合可以显提高产品质量评价的水平和效能。     

汽车运行材料的应用现状及发展趋势

综述了汽车用燃料(汽油、柴油、代用燃料)、润滑剂(发动机润滑油、齿轮油、自动变速器油、润滑脂)、特种液(制动液、冷却液、空调制冷剂)、燃料添加剂及润滑剂添加剂等运行材料在国内外的应用现状及发展趋势。该研究可为汽车运行材料的新产品研发提供参考。     

红外线轴温探测设备在青藏铁路的应用

针对青藏高原特殊的自然环境和气候特点,对红外线轴温探测系统进行高原应用研究,进行设备稳定性、安装方式、防雷措施、探头角度和抗风雪性能等方面的改进。主机元器件采用军极产品,增加保温机柜,机柜内增设新型温控箱,对主机系统进行自动温度控制,确保其在高原环境下正常工作。线缆连接采用插接方式,方便安装。对探测方式进行的研究表明,平探探测方式虽能很好解决大雪覆盖问题,但不适应冻土路基环境;通过对下探方式探头箱加装吹雪装置,对下侧探方式探头箱加防雪罩和箱体上表面局部加热,从而解决粘雪使探测口变小或堵住的问题。设备防雷和接地电阻采用串联方式,室内主机采用电源电涌保护箱防雷设备。为保证车辆安全运行和减轻恶劣环境对维护人员造成的危险,提出加密探测点和在5 000 m以上高海拔地区及重要地点采用双机采时在线备份方案。     

CW-2系列转向架轴箱定位节点垂向刚度研究

介绍了CW—2系列转向架运用中出现的故障,结合轴箱定位结构分析了定位节点刚度较大带来的问题,并得出定位节点垂向刚度较大也是导致转向架出现较多运营可靠性问题的初步结论。利用动力学分析软件,计算了不同节点定位刚度对轮轨垂向力、构架垂向振动、节点处动态垂向力和车辆其他动力学性能的影响趋势,以TGV高速列车的2种转向架的试验比较进行了验证。     

空心车轴不同形状比裂纹应力强度因子的仿真研究

空心车轴在运用中可能会出现意外损伤而诱发表面裂纹。应力强度因子是预测裂纹扩展情况的重要参数。本文分析了空心车轴的运用载荷,根据所测载荷谱,采取有限元方法计算车轴横截面的应力分布情况。采用四分之一20节点等参退化奇异单元模拟裂纹前缘的应力奇异性,建立空心车轴表面裂纹扩展的有限元模型,并对裂纹前缘进行离散,实现正交扩展,得到不同步扩展的裂纹前缘。在此基础上对裂纹前缘不同位置的应力强度因子进行计算分析,得出不同初始形状裂纹前缘扩展中的应力强度因子分布规律。计算结果表明,具有不同初始形状的裂纹,随着裂纹的扩展,裂纹形状将趋于某一形状比范围内。与解析方法计算的结果比较,二者基本吻合。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle

This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle. Tests were carried out under quasi-steady-state conditions, on a full-scale roller rig, and allowed to point out the effect of different parameters like the wheelset's angle of attack and the ratio between the vertical loads acting on the flanging and non-flanging wheels. On the basis of the test results, some existing derailment criteria are analysed in this paper and two new criteria are proposed. A model of wheel-rail contact is proposed for the mathematical modelling of the flange climb process, and numerical vs. experimental comparisons are used to obtain model validation.     

B0B0B0机车粘着性能的理论研究 （上）

本文对几种不同牵引装置的B_0B_0B_0机车在牵引工况中的轴重转移进行计算分析,从而推导出其设计参数的相关函数式和机车最佳粘着性能的参数匹配方法。此外,还论述改善B_0B_0B_0机车动态粘着性能的设计措施,并进行实例论析。