Policy challenges of increasing automation in driving

The convergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) with automotive technologies has already resulted in automation features in road vehicles and this trend is expected to continue in the future owing to consumer demand, dropping costs of components, and improved reliability. While the automation features that have taken place so far are mainly in the form of information and driver warning technologies (classified as level I pre-2010), future developments in the medium term (level II 2010–2025) are expected to exhibit connected cognitive vehicle features and encompass increasing degree of automation in the form of advanced driver assistance systems. Although autonomous vehicles have been developed for research purposes and are being tested in controlled driving missions, the autonomous driving case is only a long term (level III 2025 +) scenario. This paper contributes knowledge on technological forecasts regarding automation, policy challenges for each level of technology development and application context, and the essential instrument of cost-effectiveness for policy analysis which enables policy decisions on the automation systems to be assessed in a consistent and balanced manner. The cost of a system per vehicle is viewed against its effectiveness in meeting policy objectives of improving safety, efficiency, mobility, convenience and reducing environmental effects. Example applications are provided that illustrate the contribution of the methodology in providing information for supporting policy decisions. Given the uncertainties in system costs as well as effectiveness, the tool for assessing policies for future generation features probabilistic and utility-theoretic analysis capability. The policy issues defined and the assessment framework enable the resolution of policy challenges while allowing worthy innovative automation in driving to enhance future road transportation.     

车辆荷载和车道荷载对桥梁结构可靠度的影响

公路桥梁结构的整体计算采用车道荷载,结构的局部计算采用车辆荷载,车辆荷载与车道荷载的作用不得叠加.将采用这2种荷载设计的结构进行可靠度对比,结果表明,按车辆荷载设计的结构满足正常使用功能的可靠度偏低,更容易发生损坏,这些损坏会影响到结构的正常使用.提出通过调整重型车辆通过桥梁时的交通行驶规则,增大结构按正常使用极限状态设计时车辆荷载的代表值,从而提高按车辆荷载设计的结构可靠度.     

弹性需求下高速公路超限补偿费率优化模型

为了准确刻画超限需求弹性对补偿费率的影响,从用户和系统的角度分别对超限运输的收益和成本进行分析和建模,构造超限运输弹性需求函数,反映超限运输需求量与其运输效益之间的变化关系,将超限运输业者运输行为的选择归结为弹性需求下的用户均衡配流问题,进而利用高速公路管理者与超限运输业者之间的Stackelberg博弈关系,建立了基于弹性需求的高速公路超限补偿费率的双层规划优化模型,并设计了基于模拟退火算法求解的优化算法。结果表明：模型能较好地优化超限补偿费率,使之对超限运输业者进行合理补偿收费和适度惩罚,有效遏制超限运输,从而产生更大的社会与经济效益。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的地形辅助导航

利用海底地形辅助导航是水下载体导航技术致力研究的新方向。该文利用多波束测深系统测量真实地形数据,在此实测地形图的基础上,采用ICCp算法为对准匹配算法,得到水下载体的最佳匹配位置,提高水下载体的导航精度。并利用仿真以平台式惯导系统为例,用卡尔曼滤波对惯导系统误差进行最优估计,取得了较好的效果。     

上海轨道交通1、2号线列车编组“6改8”项目的技术对策及实施效果分析

介绍了上海轨道交通1、2号线运能与日益增长的客流之间的矛盾,提出了通过对既有列车进行"6改8"扩编改造的解决方案。以AC01、AC02和DC01型列车增扩编改造为例,对其技术难度和改造内容进行了分析和说明。已实施的该项扩编改造工作不仅克服了车辆改造所遇到的若干技术难题,而且还有效解决了在列车扩编改造期间所造成的运能不足的问题。     

车辆在线监测系统 在受电弓检测中的应用

以南京地铁1号线车辆的在线检测系统中的受电弓在线监测系统为主要对象,论述其组成结构、工作过程和工作原理。在线检测系统通过图像采集、分析,实时反馈列车受电弓的工作状态;利用图形分析技术,及时发现受电弓故障并立即报警,避免弓网事故的发生。实际使用表明,该系统可以降低受电弓检查的成本,提高受电弓检修的效率,避免受电弓带故障运行,提升运营质量,保证正线的运营安全。     

面向实际交通状态的混合动力汽车能耗和CO2排放模型

由于混合动力汽车与传统燃油车的能耗排放因子具有差异性，导致机动车交通路网能耗排放的量化评估存在不确定性。本文建立混合动力汽车在实际交通状态中的能耗和CO2排放因子测算模型，基于车辆比功率VSP(Vehicle Specific Power)作为车辆行驶状态与能耗排放之间耦合关系的表征参数。通过引入内燃机转速区分内燃机开启和关闭工作状态，并计算内燃机开启状态下VSP对应的平均能耗率，同时，建立能够解析混合动力汽车能耗排放产生机理的VSP分布。通过收集典型行驶工况下车辆测试油耗数据和北京市车辆实际行驶轨迹数据，验证了模型的准确性，并应用模型测算混合动力汽车不同速度区间下的油耗和CO2排放因子。研究结果表明：在城市行驶工况(UDDS)和高速行驶工况(HWY)中，模型测算能耗排放因子与真实值的平均相对误差分别为3.7%和-1.7%，与不考虑内燃机开启状态相比，测算误差减少5.6%和4.3%；在实际交通状态下，采用传统燃油车的测算方法会导致混合动力汽车行驶平均速度为高速区间时油耗和CO2排放量被低估，当行驶平均速度为低速区间时油耗和CO2排放量会被高估。     

某纯电动汽车直流充电异常分析及解决方案

随着纯电动汽车的普及,电动汽车充电系统运行的可靠性及稳定性关乎整车的安全性,车辆在充电过程中出现充电异常的情况,应受到足够的重视。本文通过某纯电动汽车在点火锁处于关闭状态下直流充电异常的案例,结合整车控制通信架构讲述该纯电动汽车快充系统无法充电的异常原因分析及排除过程,为电动汽车从业者提供一些整车通信网络架构设计思路和充电异常的分析思路。     

A statistical analysis of consumer perceptions towards automated vehicles and their intended adoption

ABSTRACT

While automated vehicle (AV) development continues to progress rapidly, how the public will accept and adopt automated vehicles remains an open question. Using extensive survey data, we apply cluster analysis to better understand consumer perceptions toward potential benefits and concerns related to AVs with regard to factors influencing their AV adoption likelihood. Four market segments are identified – ‘benefits-dominated,’ ‘concerns-dominated,’ ‘uncertain,’ and ‘well-informed.’ A random parameters multinomial logit model is then estimated to identify factors influencing the probability of respondents belonging to one of these four market segments. Among other influences (such as socio-economic and current travel characteristics), it is found that ‘Millennials’ have a higher probability of belonging to the well-informed market segment, ‘Gen-Xers’ with a lower probability to the uncertain market segment, and ‘Baby Boomers’ with a higher probability to the concerns-dominated market (relative to the ‘Great Generation’). We also study the individuals’ expressed likelihood of AV adoption using separate random parameters ordered probit estimations for each of the four market segments. The substantial and statistically significant differences across each AV consumer market segment underscore the potentially large impact that different consumer demographics may have on AV adoption and the need for targeted marketing to achieve better market-penetration outcomes.     

一种基于地图辅助的自动驾驶视-惯融合定位方法

视觉同步定位与建图(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, SLAM)方法广泛应用于自动驾驶领域。传统的方法利用车载摄像头表征车辆周围环境，同时估计自身位置，当车辆运动过快时，定位精度和鲁棒性会下降。针对此问题，本文提出一种地图辅助的视-惯融合定位方法。该方法在ORB-SLAM2(Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF SLAM2)的基础上拓展地图保存功能，将建图和定位拆分为两个独立模块，车辆首先以较慢的速度构建并保存具有视觉特征的地图，然后，在第2次运行时车载计算机调用预先保存的地图实现精确且稳定的定位性能。由于构建地图阶段采用了图优化算法融合惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU)的信息，地图误差得到有效校正。在KITTI数据集场景和实际场景中验证了所提方法的良好性能。实验结果表明，所提方法在4, 8, 16 m·s-1 驾驶速度下的定位精度分别为2.59，2.61，2.73 m，图像失帧率和路径丢失率分别为3.76%和1.38%，3.89%和1.69%，4.27%和1.84%。相比原始的ORB-SLAM2方法，系统定位精度和鲁棒性均得到了提高。