快速公交系统模式研究——以广州市BRT试验线系统为例

"快速通道+灵活线路"模式是城市快速公交应用中一种探索与创新的系统模式。以广州市BRT试验线为例介绍"快速通道+灵活线路"模式及其三个关键要素:快速专用通道、灵活线路运营、高效车站服务。探讨该模式在节省公交出行时间以及适应公共交通需求两方面的优势。分析"快速通道+灵活线路"模式的特性,并与传统的固定线路模式进行对比,归纳其三个关键要素与BRT系统效能的关系。最后,讨论了"快速通道+灵活线路"模式的适用条件,并指出快速公交的发展应走公交集约化和系统资源利用最大化的道路,提供快速、高效、便捷的高品质公共汽车交通服务。     

模拟直流电动机

本章主要研究设计直流电动机的电路原理图.根据直流电动机的转速公式n=(U-IaRa)/CeΦ,对电动机和负载参数进行比例缩小,运用电路理论和电机拖动的相关知识,实现了电动机转速的可调.     

Why do paratransit operators resist participation in bus rapid transit? Case evidence from Bogota,Mexico City,Johannesburg and Lagos

ABSTRACT

Public transport in cities of the Global South is mainly provided by paratransit operators who self-regulate their services in the absence of adequate formal transport supply and due to weak or no formal regulatory framework and enforcement. Paratransit operators compete with each other for passengers as every passenger translates into profit. Governments in the Global South have sought to reform public transport services through Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) to regulate and ensure efficiency, address the problems of drivers competition and negative externalities associated with paratransit operations. Paratransit operators have been considered as one of the barriers to public transport reforms such as BRT without much consideration for their style of operations. This neglect has contributed to their resistance and low interest in participating in BRT and has even led to opposition. Consequently, non-consideration of incumbent operators in the implementation of transit reforms has been one important reason for delay or failure in their introduction. In this study, we identify reasons why paratransit operators resist and show low interest in BRT even in situations where public institutions have opted not to replace them but rather invite them to participate in the reforms. The basis is a case study analysis of four cities with different characteristics and different BRT implementation strategies where paratransit operators showed resistance and low interest to participate. We identify (1) loss of autonomy, flexibility and established practices/routines, (2) financial and economic risk avoidance and (3) lack of trust in governments who initiate reforms as a basis for their resistance and low interest. These findings are theoretically substantiated by organisational management and social psychology concepts that explain resistance to change. Understanding and recognising these reasons may help planners in designing more appropriate strategies for paratransit reforms.     

大众AJR发动机电路图解读

大众车系电路图,绘制独特,内容详细,对检修工作有重要的指导意义。本文以大众AJR发动机电路图为例进行分析、解读,有助于对全车电路图的掌握和使用。     

浅谈汽车电路图的识读方法与技巧

介绍汽车电路图的类型与特点;重点阐述汽车电路图的识读方法:灵活运用追溯法分析汽车的常规电路图,利用电路图的说明和图注作为指导去分析复杂电路和总线系统的电路,使电路图的识读水到渠成。     

Vehicle headway modeling and its inferences in macroscopic/microscopic traffic flow theory: A survey

Vehicle headway distribution models are widely used in traffic engineering fields, since they reflect the fundamental uncertainty in drivers' car-following maneuvers and meanwhile provide a concise way to describe the stochastic feature of traffic flows. This paper presents a systematic review of vehicle headway distribution studies in the last few decades. Since it is impossible to enumerate the merits and drawbacks of all of existing distribution models, we emphasize four advances of headway distribution modeling in this paper. First, we highlight the chronicle of key assumptions on the existing distribution models and explain why this evolution occurs. Second, we show that departure headways measured for interrupted flows on urban streets and headways measured for uninterrupted flows on freeways have common features and can be simulated by a unified microscopic car-following model. The interesting finding helps gather two kinds of headway distribution models under one umbrella. Third, we review different approaches that aim to link microscopic car-following models and mesoscopic vehicle headway distribution models. Fourth, we show that both the point scattering on the density-flow plot and the shape of traffic flow breakdown curve implicitly depend on the vehicular headway distribution. These findings reveal pervasive connections between macroscopic traffic flow models and mesoscopic headway distribution. All these new insights bring new vigor into vehicle headway studies and open research frontiers in this field.     

A kinematic wave approach to traffic statics and dynamics in a double-ring network

Recently there has been much interest in understanding macroscopic fundamental diagrams of stationary road networks. However, there lacks a systematic method to define and solve stationary states in a road network with complex junctions. In this study we propose a kinematic wave approach to defining, analyzing, and simulating static and dynamic traffic characteristics in a network of two ring roads connected by a 2 × 2 junction, which can be either an uninterrupted interchange or a signalized intersection. This study is enabled by recently developed macroscopic junction models of general junctions. With a junction model based on fair merging and first-in-first-out diverging rules, we first define and solve stationary states and then derive the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) of a stationary uninterrupted network. We conclude that the flow-density relationship of the uninterrupted double-ring network is not unique for high average network densities (i.e., when one ring becomes congested) and unveil the existence of infinitely many stationary states that can arise with a zero-speed shockwave. From simulation results with a corresponding Cell Transmission Model, we verify that all stationary states in the MFD are stable and can be reached, but show that randomness in the retaining ratio of each ring drives the network to more symmetric traffic patterns and higher flow-rates. Furthermore we model a signalized intersection as two alternate diverge junctions and demonstrate that the signalized double-ring network can reach asymptotically periodic traffic patterns, which are therefore defined as “stationary” states in signalized networks. With simulations we show that the flow-density relation is well defined in such “stationary” states, and asymptotic traffic patterns can be impacted by signal cycle lengths and retaining ratios. But compared with uninterrupted interchanges, signalized intersections lead to more asymmetric traffic patterns, lower flow-rates, and even gridlocks when the average density is higher than half of the jam density. The results are consistent between this study and existing studies, but the network kinematic wave model, with appropriate junction models, is mathematically tractable and physically meaningful. It has offered a more complete picture regarding the number and type of stationary states, their stability, and MFD in freeway and signalized networks.     

BRT球锈蚀试验机参考油的研究与开发

BRT球锈蚀试验代替程序ⅡD发动机台架试验,主要用来评价汽油机油的抗腐蚀和锈蚀能力。在引进BRT球锈蚀试验机时,所提供的校机油油样少,通过对进口试验油理化性能分析,采用国内的试验油,并等效采用ASTMD6557方法。试验表明,所选的试验油有较好的区分性和重复性,可以作为将来BRT球锈蚀试验机的校机油。     

东风牌EQ3208G型平头柴油自卸车线束图解

描述了东风牌EQ3208G型平头柴油自卸车线束的组成和布局,详细剖析了该车线束各个分支插接件和连接件的示意形状、对应电器位置及其线路的相关属性,并采用了新的线路表达方式,绘出了该车的电路原理图。     

鱼骨图视野下提高炮兵旅作战效能的F-AHP评估

在一般情况下经常用F-AHP评判进行系统效能评估,定量的说明各种因素与最终结果的因果关系。文章引入了F-D（鱼骨图）方法的思想,对传统的F-AHP评判法进行了创新与改进,在F-AHP的基础上结合了F-D方法,通过F-D方法来弥补F-AHP中的主观性,已更加准确的找出其定性问题与定量结果的关系,得出更加精确的数据,使评估更加客观的反应真实,进而确定制约作战效能的因素,提出合理的意见,并进行实例研究。